{"id":65112,"date":"2008-04-11T20:02:06","date_gmt":"2008-04-11T20:02:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/clean-sweeps_o"},"modified":"2008-04-11T20:02:06","modified_gmt":"2008-04-11T20:02:06","slug":"clean-sweeps_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/clean-sweeps_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Clean Sweeps"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Controlling snow and ice requires balancing three, not quite equal, goals: meet the public&#8217;s need to travel safely, avoid harmful environmental impacts, and keep costs in line.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the past decade or so, research and experimentation have produced knowledge that makes it easier to succeed at all three. Using the right materials and methods can not only increase traffic safety, but also reduce pollution and save money.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>SALT&#8217;S SEVERE TOLL<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The traditional methods of snow and ice control consist of spreading deicing salts to promote melting, and sand or other abrasive materials to improve traction. But these actions have the potential to harm the environment in several ways.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most deicing salts are chlorides. As these salts dissolve, chlorides carried with the water contaminate soil, groundwater, and wetlands. These chlorides have toxic effects on plant and animal life.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Connie Fortin, founder of Fortin Consulting Inc., a Hamel, Minn.-based firm dedicated to wetlands protection, federal standards limit the safe chloride level for groundwater to 230 million gallons\/liter\u2014about the concentration of a teaspoon in a bucket of water. Chlorides don&#8217;t break down, but rather accumulate over time, and there&#8217;s no practical way to remove them.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Besides their toxicity, salts promote the corrosion of steel in bridges, both in exposed structural members and in embedded reinforcement if they enter through cracked or damaged pavement.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cBridge decks are the first surfaces to freeze, so we treat them aggressively against icing in the fall and spring as well as in the winter,\u201d says Mike Kennedy, director of winter operations for the Minneapolis Department of Public Works. \u201cTo limit damage, we do a lot of preventive maintenance on decks during the summer, flushing and sealing to protect them.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Salt solution carried in by vehicles is just as hard on embedded steel in concrete parking decks and garages, and it promotes corrosion of vehicles, though this has become less of an issue with the use of more plastics and better undercoating in cars.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Though not as corrosive as salt, sand presents unique challenges of its own.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because it reduces traction on dry pavement, it must be cleaned up as soon as possible. Also, traffic moving at high speeds over sand throws fine particles into the air, increasing particulate matter pollution. Unless it&#8217;s removed, sand can clog storm sewers, fill in wetlands, and accumulate at the bottom of ponds and streams, affecting the ecosystem and harming plant and animal life.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kennedy&#8217;s department uses straight salt for arterial streets, and a mixture of salt and sand for residential streets. \u201cWe use the sand to improve traction because we don&#8217;t get to treat residential areas until after snowpack,\u201d he says. \u201cBut the cost of cleaning it up afterward is high.\u201d<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <b>WAYS TO LIMIT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT<\/b> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While keeping in mind that traffic safety is the primary goal, you can do a lot to reduce environmental damage due to snow and ice control efforts.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Use the right product for the right purpose.<\/b> Because sand has no affect on melting, don&#8217;t use it if that&#8217;s what you&#8217;re trying to achieve.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Various deicing chemicals\u2014calcium chloride, potassium acetate, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium magnesium acetate\u2014are effective only above certain temperatures (see chart above), so be sure to use a material that&#8217;s appropriate for conditions. (Remember that pavement temperature, not air temperature, is the governing factor.) The acetates cost more, so they&#8217;re less commonly used, but they also have less environmental impact.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe acetates act more like a fertilizer when they get into the water, accelerating algae growth,\u201d says consultant Fortin. \u201cBut they don&#8217;t accumulate like chlorides do.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Use deicing products efficiently.<\/b> Prewetting helps salt work better and reduces waste. Calibrate equipment regularly to ensure that deicing materials are distributed where and how they should be. When applying deicing chemicals in liquid form, use appropriate concentrations of salt in brine solutions and set equipment for streaming rather than spraying for the most effective distribution.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Whenever possible, look toward anti-icing rather than melting and removal efforts<\/b>. Spreading chemicals before a storm helps prevent ice from forming, which enhances safety and allows you to use chemicals more sparingly. Concentrate deicing efforts in key areas, such as intersections where cars need to stop and start.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Investigate equipment that measures surface traction in real time.<\/b> By gauging and transmitting actual road conditions, these devices help determine proper deicer application rates and how to deploy equipment where it&#8217;s needed most. They allow operators to measure and compare the field performance of various techniques and products under varying conditions.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Locate and manage sand and salt storage sites carefully,<\/b> to avoid contaminating salt-vulnerable areas.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>MATCH THE METHOD TO THE CONDITIONS<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Across the northern United States and Canada, officials have made progress in implementing snow clearance practices that are effective, economical, and environmentally friendly. Ongoing research, particularly at the state level, as well as new tools and techniques being developed, offer promise for continued improvement.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Have a variety of tools, materials, and techniques available, and learn how to match the method to the conditions in any particular weather event. Using the resources at your disposal to get the best possible handle on weather movements and pavement conditions makes for more effective and efficient control. Use only the appropriate type and amount of chemicals to save money and limit environmental impacts.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Make sure snow removal crews are thoroughly and continuously trained, especially if you&#8217;re changing your traditional practices.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foster good communication, so that not only employees but also elected officials and residents understand the reasons for and benefits of any changes to your department&#8217;s snow and ice control procedures. Your constituents will be glad to know you&#8217;re working to promote their safety and protect the environment.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>\u2014 Kenneth A. Hooker is a freelance writer based in Oak Park, Ill.<\/i><\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Web extra:<\/b> To see what approaches your colleagues have used to minimize salt and sand use, visit the \u201carticle links\u201d page under \u201cresources\u201d at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pwmag.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.pwmag.com.<\/a><\/p> <hr> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spread the responsibility<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your department isn&#8217;t the only culprit contributing to \u2018salt pollution.&#8217;<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Driven by budgetary concerns, political pressure, and conscience and common sense, public works departments are exploring and implementing more environmentally friendly responses to snow and ice.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unfortunately, though, their efforts are only half the battle.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Private property owners and the contractors they hire to clear snow from parking lots, access roads, and sidewalks are responsible for a significant percentage of deicing salt use. One New Hampshire study attributes 37% of salt usage to the private sector, while a study in Wisconsin found private owners account for about half of the road salt used in the state capital of Madison.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Environmental consultant Connie Fortin estimates that 7% to 40% of chlorides entering the nation&#8217;s waters come from sources outside of the control of PUBLIC WORKS readers.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fortin and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) have developed a training manual and conduct half-day classes for property owners and snow removal contractors. Those who complete the course requirements receive a certificate from MPCA and are listed on the agency&#8217;s Web site as having learned and committed to following best practices for environmentally sound winter parking lot and sidewalk maintenance.<\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Controlling snow and ice requires balancing three, not quite equal, goals: meet the public&#8217;s need to travel safely, avoid harmful environmental impacts, and keep costs in line. Over the past decade or so, research and experimentation have produced knowledge that makes it easier to succeed at all three. Using the right materials and methods can [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":65115,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":false,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Snow & Ice Control","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Clean Sweeps","zonda_promo_abstract":"Controlling snow and ice requires balancing three, not quite equal, goals: meet the public's need to travel safely, avoid harmful environmental impacts, and keep costs in line.","zonda_promo_headline":"","zonda_promo_image":0,"zonda_subheadline":"Minimize the negative impact of salt and sand."},"tags":[],"news_item_type":[28],"section_10":[83124],"subject":[1464,1556,2574],"organization":[],"award":[],"person":[],"product_type_10":[],"content-group":[],"event":[],"location":[],"state":[],"brand":[21460],"jlc-category":[],"year_tax":[],"sponsor":[],"coauthors":[84335],"class_list":["post-65112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","news_item_type-article","section_10-infrastructure","subject-aggregates","subject-de-icing-and-anti-icing","subject-snow-and-ice-control","brand-public-works"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Clean Sweeps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Minimize the negative impact of salt and sand.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/clean-sweeps_o\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/clean-sweeps_o\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Clean Sweeps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Minimize the negative impact of salt and sand.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/clean-sweeps_o\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Concrete Construction Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2008-04-11T20:02:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2008\/tmp533-2etmp-tcm111-1335874.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"211\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"Kenneth A. 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