{"id":64889,"date":"2007-10-01T15:08:48","date_gmt":"2007-10-01T15:08:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/before-the-storm_o"},"modified":"2007-10-01T15:08:48","modified_gmt":"2007-10-01T15:08:48","slug":"before-the-storm_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/before-the-storm_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Before the storm"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It&#8217;s hard to think about winter while leaves are still clinging to the trees, but now&#8217;s the time to prepare crews and equipment for fighting bad weather.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last year, 38 states were subjected to snow or freezing rain. Most departments focus solely on the material they&#8217;re going to use to keep ice from forming, forgetting that the most effective strategy for keeping roads safe incorporates other factors\u2014air temperature, the type and rate of precipitation, and road-surface temperature\u2014as well.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Wet Versus Dry<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many departments equip snow plows with pre-wetting applicators, which shoot liquid onto material as it comes out of the spreader. If the material is an abrasive, such as a salt-sand mix, pre-wet material cuts into existing snow and ice much more effectively than a dry mixture. And because wet material doesn&#8217;t blow off roads as easily as dry material, pre-wetting often saves departments money in material costs.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pre-wet material begins to work immediately. Chemicals such as magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and brine (23.7% salt to water) act as a freeze suppressant, bringing down the freezing level of the roadway to well below 32\u00b0 F. This is particularly important in areas that have colder temperatures within drier climates.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pre-wetting the material also reduces the amount of material that bounces off the road by up to 50%. Then, the speed of the vehicle spreading the material determines the amount of material that remains on the road to do its job. The truck should not exceed 20 mph.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many departments pre-wet their rock salt with brine. This liquid enables the rock salt to work quickly with no adverse effects in cases of humid air or rain, making the mixture appropriate in most coastal regions with a temperature of 20\u00b0 to 35\u00b0 F. If brine is used in climates where the temperatures tend to drop well below freezing overnight, it may freeze. This can create black ice.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Magnesium chloride is sometimes used to pre-wet rock salt. The downside to using that material is that if the temperature rises to above freezing, magnesium chloride can make the road become slippery (hygroscopic).<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pre-wet abrasive material can&#8217;t do its job properly if the entire roadway isn&#8217;t covered. If material is applied before snow or ice falls on the road, apply a narrow band\u2014about 1 to 6 feet wide\u2014of material to the center of the roadway on its crown. The material will work more quickly and will have more potency.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When it begins to work, the brine will run down from the crown and across the roadway. Traffic will speed the process. If the correct amount of chemical is used and it&#8217;s been applied correctly, most of the material will be diluted with the resulting water before it enters catch basins.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Proper Calibration And Traveling Speed<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The amount of rock salt road departments waste each year because of improper vehicle speed and inaccurate equipment calibration is staggering.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calibration ensures drivers use the correct amount of material at the right speed by estimating how far they can travel with the amount of onboard material. Most spreaders can be calibrated to distribute in several ways, depending on the type of equipment and desired application rates.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The calibration process typically starts with weighing material that comes out of the spreader or tank over a given period of time. Most computers and spreaders are calibrated together annually, and many organizations make this a requirement to ensure that they don&#8217;t use too much material. It is best to calibrate equipment every six months.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Part of the calibration process involves educating operators to travel at the appropriate speed. This can be a challenge, since operators are often pressured to get the job done within a timeframe and under difficult circumstances.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For instance, if salt is spread down the crown of the roadway at 15 mph, the salt stays right where it was placed: 3 to 6 feet wide on the crown. But when the vehicle accelerates to 20 mph, approximately 33% of the material is lost because it either lands on the road shoulder, on the grass, or in the curb. At 25 mph, material loss is as high as 66%, as the material pattern is so wide that the traffic crushes up the salt and blows it off of the roadway.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">About 1 pound of salt will melt about 43 pounds of ice at just below freezing. The colder the temperature, the less effective salt becomes, and adding material will not help.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If material is placed too sparsely on a snow- or ice-covered road, re-freezing occurs. If that salt is spread too widely on the roadway, the snow and ice will melt somewhat, but may refreeze or create a watery surface on the icy road, which is considerably more dangerous than just ice on the road.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Getting Drivers Ready<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No equipment, no material, and no strategy will be effective if the operator doesn&#8217;t have the knowledge and skill to make it all come together.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Annual snow and ice control meetings are beneficial to prepare crews for the season. Operators can be brought up to date in all areas of the snow and ice control plan for that year. New techniques, products, and equipment can be discussed.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operators can get into the \u201csnow and ice control mode\u201d through dry runs with the equipment on the routes. This allows them to see any changes to the routes and hazards that exist, such as bulbing of curbs, traffic islands, left turn lanes, traffic light changes, and priority route changes. New operators can be trained in getting to know routes and their time-related hazards, such as school zones and commercial districts&#8217; rush hours.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Driver selection also is important. Snow and ice control operators must be good truck drivers, because inexperienced drivers can be intimidated by the snow and ice control task.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>When Doing Nothing Is Best<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With all the information available and with a good plan in place, there is also the strategy of using basic common sense.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, one city put dry rock salt on a roadway where the temperature was cool, about 23\u00b0 F. But the sun was bright and the roadway was very dry. The salt was hygroscopic and drew moisture from the pavement, refroze, and created black ice. Sand had to be applied in generous amounts to counter the effect of the ice created by the rock salt.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A better course of action may have been to do nothing, since the air was dry and there was no forecast of any moisture.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>\u2014 Wasstrom is a long-time driver and equipment operator trainer with Coastal Training Consultants Ltd., based in Coquitlam, British Columbia.<\/i><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Back to basics<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Keep it simple when selecting products and techniques.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Get all the facts before using any new product or technique for your community&#8217;s snow and ice control. Examine each option for:<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li>General effectiveness<\/li> <li>Impact on the environment<\/li> <li>Cost-effectiveness<\/li> <li>Operator ease.<\/li> <\/ul> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An additional tip: find another public works team in an area that is similar in climate and geography to your own. Compare information and ideas. If a community has had positive experience with a product and a strategy and can provide feedback, this can be very helpful.<\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It&#8217;s hard to think about winter while leaves are still clinging to the trees, but now&#8217;s the time to prepare crews and equipment for fighting bad weather. Last year, 38 states were subjected to snow or freezing rain. Most departments focus solely on the material they&#8217;re going to use to keep ice from forming, forgetting [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":64892,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":false,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Before the storm","zonda_promo_abstract":"","zonda_promo_headline":"","zonda_promo_image":0,"zonda_subheadline":"Knowing how and when apply salt and other chemicals makes crews more effective once the snow flies."},"tags":[],"news_item_type":[28],"section_10":[83124],"subject":[1464],"organization":[],"award":[],"person":[],"product_type_10":[],"content-group":[],"event":[],"location":[],"state":[],"brand":[21460],"jlc-category":[],"year_tax":[],"sponsor":[],"coauthors":[88794],"class_list":["post-64889","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","news_item_type-article","section_10-infrastructure","subject-aggregates","brand-public-works"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Before the storm<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Knowing how and when apply salt and other chemicals makes crews more effective once 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