{"id":64529,"date":"2007-03-12T16:13:37","date_gmt":"2007-03-12T16:13:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/every-drop-counts_o"},"modified":"2007-03-12T16:13:37","modified_gmt":"2007-03-12T16:13:37","slug":"every-drop-counts_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/every-drop-counts_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Every drop counts"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2003, the drought-stricken state of Texas passed a law requiring retail public water utilities to conduct a water audit every five years.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe needed to know water loss accountability, how much water loss there is, how the utilities report water losses, and how efficient they are in doing so,\u201d says Mark Mathis, municipal water specialist for the Texas Water Development Board.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three years after the program was implemented, though, Mathis is hard-pressed to compare water loss volumes in the state. Each of its more than 3000 utilities had its own method for calculating water loss percentages, with different variables. Nothing was standardized. \u201cIt&#8217;s so across the board,\u201d he says.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These inconsistencies will gradually disappear as utilities adopt the state&#8217;s new water audit methodology. As part of the state mandate, the water board created an audit form and worksheet based on a newly formulated International Water Association (IWA)\/American Water Works Association (AWWA) audit process. In an attempt to make utilities account for every single drop of water, the audit standardizes terminology in an industry where there are no hard-and-fast definitions.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt&#8217;s a new method that eliminates the percentage method of accounting, as well as the term \u2018unnaccounted-for&#8217; water, to show in more exact terms where the inefficiencies are occurring,\u201d says Mathis.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the board is non-regulatory, it can deny funding requests from utilities that haven&#8217;t submitted a water audit. Mathis believes this stipulation will increase the number of local utilities that adopt the new methodology, so the board can better calculate and manage the state&#8217;s water loss.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>WHO&#8217;S ON FIRST?<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How do you report water loss? What factors do you use to calculate water loss percentages?<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chances are, if 100 water utilities are asked such questions, most won&#8217;t agree on any given answer. For example, most utilities consider a 10% to 15% \u201cunaccounted-for\u201d water loss rate as acceptable. But what is \u201cunaccounted-for\u201d water loss?<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cYou can put 10 water utility managers in a room, ask them what \u2018unaccounted-for&#8217; is, and they will each have a different answer,\u201d says Mathis.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There also isn&#8217;t a uniform method for determining water loss percentages, says Mathis. Plus, there are four key measures percentages don&#8217;t reveal:<\/p> <li>Where the losses are occurring<\/li> <li>How much those losses are costing the utility<\/li> <li>How much is being lost (expressed in volume)<\/li> <li>Why the losses are occurring.<\/li><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The problem is simple: The water industry doesn&#8217;t have a consistent set of standards for water accounting, and there&#8217;s little emphasis, in terms of legislation and regulation, on the need to motivate water suppliers to control their losses. AWWA is providing a solution by developing standard definitions\u2014and providing free water audit software\u2014to eliminate the concept of \u201cunaccounted water loss.\u201d In addition to Texas, Georgia, Maryland, Delaware, and Washington have initiated or passed legislation based on this approach.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lack of standardization is understandable, considering that the North American water supply was once considered abundant. After all, we have the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Great Lakes, the Rio Grande, and other bodies of water. There wasn&#8217;t a need for water utilities to meter water, charge for certain kinds of uses, or even worry about \u201cunaccounted-for\u201d water losses. But population growth, droughts, catastrophes such as Hurricane Katrina, and regional water shortages are straining the water supply so much that a 2005 survey conducted by the U.S. Conference of Mayors predicts that 35% of the nation&#8217;s cities will face critical water shortages within 10 to 20 years.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet many public water utilities do not have efficient water loss management programs in place.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cOf 40 billion gallons of water withdrawn each day by U.S. water utilities, 6 billion are \u2018lost&#8217;,\u201d says Tom Jakubowski, chair of AWWA&#8217;s water loss control committee. That \u201clost\u201d amount is enough to meet the needs of the 10 largest U.S. cities.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most water losses are caused by leaks and inaccurate meter readings, problems that can be easily detected and fixed with today&#8217;s technologies. This is why AWWA sees recovering water \u2018loss&#8217;as one of the most promising resource initiatives in North America.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Water Is Not Free<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Much like for-profit manufacturers, public water utilities are making a product: safe drinking water.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThey&#8217;re treating it and pumping it, and there are costs involved in that,\u201d says Jakubowski, who is also the national director for water accountability with HDR Inc., an Omaha, Neb.-based architectural, engineering, and consulting firm. \u201c\u2018Lost'[treated] water is money out of a utility&#8217;s pocket, and a waste of a natural resource.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are two types of water losses. Real losses are physical losses, including leakage and storage overflows. Apparent losses are paper losses, including meter inaccuracies, billing data errors, and unauthorized consumption. Real losses can inflate the utility&#8217;s production costs and deplete water resources. Apparent losses decrease revenue and distort customer consumption data.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Either way, the utility is losing money.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet in the past many water utilities, policymakers, and associations\u2014including AWWA\u2014deemed a 10% to 15% \u201cunaccounted-for\u201d water loss as acceptable. In an exclusive PUBLIC WORKS survey, 70% of respondents report loss rates of 15% or less.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe AWWA now thinks all water should be accounted for,\u201d says Jakubowski. \u201cAnd we threw the percentage concept out because people were just jiggling numbers around to meet the required water loss percentages.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>A New Way Of Accounting<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To help utilities gain control over their water losses, AWWA teamed with the International Water Association (IWA) to identify best management practices. In 2003, the associations began developing a water audit structure that renders obsolete ambiguous terms such as \u201cunaccounted-for.\u201d Now completed, the audit also allows utilities to assess water loss, benchmark themselves with other utilities, and set performance targets. It features:<\/p> <li>Consistent definitions for the major forms of water consumption and water loss.<\/li> <li>Performance indicators that evaluate utilities on system-specific features, such as the average pressure in the distribution system and miles of water main.<\/li> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jakubowski insists that the audit is user-friendly. \u201cYou can plug your numbers into the appropriate categories and start analyzing,\u201d he says. The audit is available as a free, downloadable software program on the AWWA Web site <a href=\"http:\/\/www.awwa.org\/waterwiser\/waterloss\" target=\"_blank\">www.awwa.org\/waterwiser\/waterloss<\/a>. You can also see an example of the audit software the AWWA provides for free, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.awwa.org\/science\/Waterloss\/AuditSpreadsheet\/WaterAuditExamples.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the IWA\/AWWA Water Audit Method has been available since last summer, there&#8217;s still a disconnect when it comes to determining numbers. A big reason is the conflicting information floating around the industry.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For instance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water loss regulations still use percentages and \u201cunaccounted-for\u201d water losses. And although a few states have embraced the new AWWA guidelines, others are writing legislation based on AWWA committee reports from the 1990s, which endorse water loss rates instead of the updated method of determining water loss by volume and cost.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regardless, Jakubowski is happy that policymakers are at least trying to regulate water loss. As for the industry coming around to AWWA&#8217;s new way of thinking, \u201cit&#8217;s going to be a tough issue to change in the minds of people,\u201d he says.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe people who are jumping on board are doing so because it&#8217;s money back in your pocket. You shouldn&#8217;t be wasting it.\u201d<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <b>Staunching the flow<\/b> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>A Georgia county&#8217;s $800,000 leak detection survey identifies the usual suspects\u2014as well as some unlikely ones.<\/i><\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District mandated a water supply and management conservation plan, one of Georgia&#8217;s largest municipal water utilities was among the first to comply.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe sell water, so it&#8217;s good business sense to try and minimize our losses,\u201d says George Kaffezakis, chief engineer with the Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources engineering and construction division.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The utility began a comprehensive leak detection study, which consists of analyzing more than 3000 miles of water main over 18 months, in March 2006. More than 500 leaks have been detected since then, equaling water losses of 2.7 mgd. Though the survey isn&#8217;t complete, the utility has repaired the leaks responsible for about half of that loss.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWhat was most exciting was that we&#8217;ve found a fair number of hidden subsurface leaks that we would&#8217;ve never found without the survey,\u201d says Kaffezakis.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cSome of those leaks were probably hidden for years,\u201d adds Eric Olson, a member of the utility&#8217;s program management team. \u201cThey could have continued leaking for 15 more years\u2014and no matter how small the leak, that adds up.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The utility was surprised to find small leaks coming from fire hydrants that weren&#8217;t closed all the way, and plans to work with fire departments to address the issue. The survey also enabled the utility to update its geographic information system and create a leak-location database to be analyzed for future action plans.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>How they do it<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The $800,000 survey is funded through the utility&#8217;s capital improvement program. Omaha, Neb.-based architectural, engineering, and consulting firm HDR Inc. and Valparaiso, Ind.-based water service technology provider M.E. Simpson Co. Inc. are providing two technologies to detect leaks:<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Electronically enhanced acoustic leak detection.<\/b> Operators listen for leaks in the distribution system. Smaller, high-pressure leaks amplify a mid- to high-frequency noise, while larger, low-pressure leaks emit a low-to mid-frequency noise. A listening device transmits the sound to a computerized leak correlator, which uses sensors to pinpoint leak location.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Flow measurements through pitot flow testing.<\/b> Pipe calipers and pitot rods are used along water mains, and a differential pressure recorder analyzes each main to determine potential leaks.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey is just one way the Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources is minimizing water loss. Other projects include water audits, pressure management manipulation (see sidebar on page 56) and water meter and service line replacements. The utility is also planning a large-meter calibration program.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Recovery effort<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Guidelines for controlling water loss.<\/i><\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The American Water Works Association recommends the following three steps to maximize system performance.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Perform a water audit.<\/b> Like a bank statement that logs deposits, withdraws, and transfers, an audit shows how water is flowing into and out of the distribution system to the customer, enabling utilities to determine where water and subsequent revenue losses are coming from.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Routine audits also pinpoint data transfer and analysis errors.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In an exclusive PUBLIC WORKS survey, 69% of respondents conduct audits or water loss surveys. Of that percentage, two-thirds do so annually.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Forget about \u201cunaccounted-for\u201d losses and percentages.<\/b> The true measures of how well a water system is performing are the volume and cost of lost water.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Implement a maintenance and management program.<\/b> For example:<\/p> <li><b>Leak detection surveys.<\/b> Locate weak pipes and leaks before they turn into large problems. Perform a leak-detection survey at least once every three years, but preferably annually. Locating and sealing leaks is the best source of new water for utilities facing shortages.<\/li> <li><b>Pressure management.<\/b> Over-pressured systems lead to breaks and water volume loss. Reducing pressure aids conservation, reduces transients and overflows, and increases safety of emergency flows.<\/li> <li><b>System management.<\/b> Water systems in older communities are reaching the end of their lifecycles. Pipe cleaning and relining, network replacement, service replacement, and valve and hydrant maintenance keep a system in working order and leak-free.<\/li> <li><b>Meter maintenance.<\/b> Good installation, selection, and sizing; routine testing and inspections; and regularly scheduled replacements can prevent many meter failures, as well as theft and illegal consumption. The master\/source meter should be the first thing a utility checks when determining where losses are coming from.<\/li> <li><b>Education and guidelines.<\/b> Operator education and clear operator guidelines reduce data analysis errors.<\/li><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2003, the drought-stricken state of Texas passed a law requiring retail public water utilities to conduct a water audit every five years. \u201cWe needed to know water loss accountability, how much water loss there is, how the utilities report water losses, and how efficient they are in doing so,\u201d says Mark Mathis, municipal water [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":false,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Every drop counts","zonda_promo_abstract":"A new audit methodology determines loss by volume and cost, not loss-rate percentages, making \u201cunaccounted-for\u201d water the nation's largest untapped source of water.","zonda_promo_headline":"","zonda_promo_image":0,"zonda_subheadline":""},"tags":[],"news_item_type":[28],"section_10":[83124],"subject":[29031,421],"organization":[],"award":[],"person":[],"product_type_10":[],"content-group":[],"event":[],"location":[202],"state":[],"brand":[21460],"jlc-category":[],"year_tax":[],"sponsor":[],"coauthors":[41702],"class_list":["post-64529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","news_item_type-article","section_10-infrastructure","subject-accounting","subject-water","location-atlanta-sandy-springs-marietta-ga","brand-public-works"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.0 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Every drop counts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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