{"id":64392,"date":"2007-06-08T16:04:09","date_gmt":"2007-06-08T16:04:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/gaining-control_o"},"modified":"2007-06-08T16:04:09","modified_gmt":"2007-06-08T16:04:09","slug":"gaining-control_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/gaining-control_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Gaining Control"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 40,000 sewer overflows that occur across the United States each year are expensive. Plus, these overflows run the risk of daily U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fines of up to $27,500 and ill will from residents complaining about noxious fumes and exposure to potentially hazardous liquids.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Though it&#8217;s never been fined, the Pima County Wastewater Management Department in Arizona has had its fair share of overflows. In 2001 alone, overflows cost the department more than $600,000 in response and cleanup expenses.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That same year, the department launched a multiyear program to install a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) flow-monitoring system powered in part by the sun and linked by remote radio stations. The award-winning system, which couples flow-metering stations, telemetering equipment, and data analysis with enhanced preventive maintenance, was a big step up from the department&#8217;s cell-phone-based alarm system that told operators only that there was a problem\u2014not the nature of it.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now employees monitor flows from virtually anywhere. They can detect developing blockages and get out in the field to fix them before the system overflows. The result: reduced spill volume.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In April 2005, for example, the system identified a 250,000-gallon spill in a remote section of the desert, which could have become catastrophic had the system not notified employees. Quick notification allowed workers to fix a blockage caused by construction debris that potentially could have spewed millions of gallons of sewage into the environment.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Comprehensive Connections<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Pima County Wastewater Management Department comprises two main treatment plants and several smaller outlying treatment facilities. The conveyance system collects about 65 mgd throughout its 370-square-mile sanitary service area, which includes the urbanized areas of Tucson, Marana, Oro Valley, and Sahuarita, and the unincorporated communities of Mt. Lemmon, Arivaca Junction, Avra Valley, Green Valley, Corona de Tucson, and Catalina (total population of about 1 million people).<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With 3165 miles of public sanitary sewers\u2014of which approximately 300 miles are considered trunks or interceptors (pipe diameter of 15 inches and larger)\u2014the system incorporates 62,000 features in its urbanized area (reaches, manholes, cleanouts, etc.).<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The system measures flow at solar-powered locations and transmits the data to a central server via 900 MHz spread spectrum radio links. Data are received at the central server from every site every 60 seconds.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By using archived data, expected values for the flow at a given time are established by averaging the observed values for flow from the same day of the week and same time of day for the previous four weeks. The system generates upper and lower control limits using statistical process control methods and then acquires real-time observed data from the field. It then compares the current real-time value with the control limits and transmits alarms if control limits are violated (see <a href=\"http:\/\/imgs.ebuild.com\/cms\/PUBLIC WORKS MAGAZINE\/2007\/June\/PW070601052L2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">diagram<\/a>). If a data point is determined to be outside of control limits, it is flagged in the database as invalid and isn&#8217;t used for establishing future expected flows.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data that do not fall within expected parameters require a response. The system waits to observe a minimum of five to seven successive control limit violations before sending out an alarm to field personnel, which minimizes errors of commission (false positives) from short-term flow variations or instrument noise. Upper control limit violations typically are encountered after rain events, while lower control limit violations are almost exclusively caused by blockages.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <b>Human Machine Interface<\/b> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aided by software consultant Software Mechanics Inc., Tucson, Ariz., the Pima County Wastewater Management Department developed a data processing and human-machine interface (HMI) software to allow personnel to access the system when away from the plant.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Secure Internet access to the software allows employees to review data right away when an alarm sounds. This is extremely handy in cases of alarms during the typically unmanned third shift, and allows workers to remotely determine if an event is a real alarm or an instrument failure. This avoids deploying personnel to investigate a conveyance problem that may not exist.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThis system has provided our department with a better understanding of the dynamics of our sewer system,\u201d says Mike Bunch, deputy director of conveyance with the Wastewater Management Department. \u201cOur capacity analysis, inflow and infiltration issues, and emergency responses have all benefited from the data and alarms that the system provides.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The software&#8217;s main screen shows conveyance system status, where recent alarms are displayed, and any planned, current, or completed conveyance system changes. These are useful whenever alarms are sent and a user wants to check if the alarm is valid or may have been caused by an operational change in the conveyance system (pump-arounds, diversions, etc.). All operational activities that result in flow changes are coordinated with the flow monitoring section so alarms may be adjusted accordingly before the flow changes are implemented.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to serving as a process monitor and alarm system, the software also serves as a data archive and allows users to recall historical data for any meter. The user selects the meter and the time-frame; the information&#8217;s transmitted to the user via an e-mail attachment in a comma-separated format for easy import into spreadsheet applications.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Payment And Payoff<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cost of a SCADA system installation depends on the size of the conveyance system to be monitored and the desired level of meter accuracy. A good rule of thumb is to plan for one meter for every 5 miles of major lines. Meters also can be located in areas of extensive growth and places that historically have had flow problems.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solar-powered site monitoring locations range from $7000 to $10,000 per site, installed. The range in monitoring location costs arises primarily from using either a highly accurate open-channel meter or a less costly simple level-only instrument.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typically, hardware for a central control center is about $10,000. The main control center components include a central radio and a data server with battery backup. Network administrators advise tape and CD backup or multiple hard drives in a redundant array of independent disks configuration. This system should securely connect to the Internet so personnel can quickly learn about alarm conditions.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As an alternative to developing SCADA software systems in-house, wastewater utilities can use commercially available software like Wonderware, from Invensys Systems Inc., Lake Forest, Calif., to monitor flow conditions and transmit alarms. A 500-tag Wonderware development license retails for about $3300.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Radio repeaters may be needed to reach points in hilly or more remote areas. Repeater locations are solar-powered and cost approximately $6000 installed per repeater site. Since northern states may not get as much sun as southern states, solar-powered systems may not work as well in some locations.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to the hardware costs above, plan on:<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li>Internal and external development costs (engineering, programming, etc.)<\/li> <li>Budgeting long term for repair\/ replacement cost of components<\/li> <li>Budgeting and training for on-call personnel to screen alarms prior to dispatching field crews<\/li> <li>Funding and training a dedicated crew to maintain components.<\/li> <\/ul> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With an initial cost of $350,000 ($100,000 from the capital and operations and maintenance budgets funds the system&#8217;s annual operation), the system&#8217;s total cost is expected to top out at $1.2 million.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Remote conversations<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hardware and software work together to gather and transmit data.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because Pima County&#8217;s Wastewater Management Department is one-third of the way through its program to implement systemwide remote monitoring, it&#8217;s continually installing new equipment. To ensure resident buy-in, the department notifies home owners of when they&#8217;ll be on their property and how the system works.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The remote equipment is solar-powered and communicates via unlicensed 900 MHz spread spectrum radios. Fast Ethernet TCP\/IP maximizes bandwidth and enhances security over the communication link.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The only remote equipment that can&#8217;t be easily shown to residents is the actual metering equipment, which is placed in the sewer pipe below grade. Radio repeaters are needed whenever the distance between radios exceeds 25 miles or line-of-sight requirements between them are interrupted. In large metropolitan areas with many buildings, you may not be able to use this system with the 900 MHz radio since line-of-sight may be limited.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the time its system is fully installed, Pima County could have more than 100 monitoring locations, though that target number will increase as its population continues to grow.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>\u2014 Sloan is a licensed chemical engineer based in Oro Valley, Ariz.<\/i><\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The 40,000 sewer overflows that occur across the United States each year are expensive. Plus, these overflows run the risk of daily U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fines of up to $27,500 and ill will from residents complaining about noxious fumes and exposure to potentially hazardous liquids. Though it&#8217;s never been fined, the Pima County Wastewater [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":64393,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":false,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Asset management","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Gaining Control","zonda_promo_abstract":"In 2001, overflows cost the Pima County Wastewater Management Department in Arizona more than $600,000. 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