{"id":64019,"date":"2007-03-12T16:09:16","date_gmt":"2007-03-12T16:09:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/proactive-waterproofing_o"},"modified":"2007-03-12T16:09:16","modified_gmt":"2007-03-12T16:09:16","slug":"proactive-waterproofing_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/business\/proactive-waterproofing_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Proactive Waterproofing"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Waterproofing below-grade foundations is straightforward in principle but difficulties can come up during application. This article focuses on issues related to waterproofing foundations in below-water-table construction that is close to the property line, although most of the principles apply equally to other below-grade structures.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most of the problems that arise in waterproofing are due to one or more of the following:<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li>The owner expects a watertight subterranean space but wants to limit spending on a building component that has no aesthetic impact<\/li> <li>Designs that are inappropriate for the field conditions<\/li> <li>Choosing inappropriate waterproofing membranes for the proposed wall casting methods<\/li> <li>Heavy construction methods that damage waterproofing materials<\/li> <li>Lack of access after completion to implement repairs<\/li> <li>Construction schedules that do not allow proper sequence and adequate inspection of the work <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The project team can solve these problems by considering four important aspects of design and installation:<\/p><\/li> <li>Designers must understand the owner&#8217;s expected level of performance. If the owner expects absolutely no water entry, then the design must be developed accordingly.<\/li> <li>Contractors must understand the work requirements for the below-grade waterproofing components and sequence the work with a schedule that includes adequate time for inspection and repair.<\/li> <li>Designers must specify materials that are appropriate for the intended use.<\/li> <li>Waterproofing subcontractors must supply the appropriate workmanship for the intended system and confirm that the installation meets the project requirements.<\/li> <\/ul> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The proactive approach, therefore, starts with the owner&#8217;s performance expectations. Often the conversation with the owner is limited to the basic level of performance. The owner does not recognize that \u201cno water entry\u201d requires a design with more than the minimum number of details and some level of redundancy. Owners must be educated so that they can define the expected performance level and accept the construction costs needed to achieve it.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Level of performance<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Acceptable performance of the waterproofing system should take into account the building&#8217;s use and location. Minimal seepage may be acceptable in some cases, such as in subterranean parking garages, while in others, such as laboratories, hospitals, and libraries, absolutely no water entry can be tolerated.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Effective below-grade waterproofing requires that some redundancy be designed into the system, especially when buildings are built into the water table. Redundant design elements can include multiple layers of waterproofing membranes or drainage systems, which can be either interior water management systems or exterior dewatering systems. <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buildings constructed above the water table can more easily achieve high performance levels. For these projects there is usually a permanent exterior dewatering system to remove water that would exert pressure against the exterior wall, which reduces the wall thickness and quantity of reinforcing steel. In these designs there is a built-in redundancy of a primary exterior drainage system with a secondary layer of waterproofing.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The designer is responsible for reviewing the risks and benefits of various designs and allowing the owner to choose the appropriate design approach. In below-water-table construction, using a single layer of waterproofing to result in no interior leaks would require near perfection in both the design and installation, which is impractical to attain or expect. Therefore, depending on the agreed upon level of performance, designers must consider the use of a waterproof system in combination with a drainage system.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Waterproofing design<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are two approaches to waterproofing structures that are built up to the property line: blind-side waterproofing and concrete admixture waterproofing. (We exclude \u201cnegative side\u201d waterproofing because it is inappropriate for most buildings).<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><\/em><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Blind-side waterproofing: In areas of high construction density, where the subterranean structure extends to the property line, blind-side waterproofing\u2014on the exterior of the foundation\u2014is most common. In these buildings, the waterproofing membrane is constructed on the shoring system that is supporting the sides of the excavation. The below-grade concrete foundation walls then are cast against the waterproofing membrane. This method of waterproofing has the serious drawback of leaving no way to inspect the waterproofing membrane during or after concrete placement. Few membranes are appropriate for such a blind-side application because of the difficulty of attaching the membrane to the wet, plastic concrete.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Admixture waterproofing:<\/em> This waterproofing method relies on an additive in the concrete mix to achieve concrete that is crack free and dense, has low porosity, and is watertight. This method, in theory, replaces the waterproofing membrane. The waterproof concrete is installed in the full thickness of the below-grade walls and the top 6 to 12 inches of the concrete slab.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This approach is attractive because it replaces the separate waterproofing membrane. It also eliminates the difficult job of placing waterproofing membranes over rough or irregular surfaces and installing waterproofing terminations, such as around piles and caps. But how waterproof the concrete actually is is limited by how well cracking is controlled and by the high flow of water vapor through the concrete. We have found it necessary to use either a proprietary repair method or hydrophilic or hydrophobic polyurethane foam grout to repair cracks that are allowing water entry.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drainage design<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Exterior dewatering:<\/em> Exterior de-watering, draining the water outside the structure, has high initial and long-term costs. It requires a sump with two pumps that are connected to an emergency generator and an alarm system that will alert maintenance personnel if a pump becomes nonoperational. If the structure is not<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> designed to accommodate the buoyant force of the water and the pumps were to fail, there could be damage or uplift to the structure. Exterior dewatering also can lead to soil consolidation and affect adjacent building foundations. And in some jurisdictions, there is a cost for collecting the water and treating it if the surrounding ground water is contaminated or if the city has a combined storm and sewer system. <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Interior water management system:<\/em> An interior water management system handles only that water that penetrates the foundation and comes into the building; there is therefore much less water entry and less cost for water treatment. However this system still affects the structure by requiring additional excavation to accommodate the slab interior drainage system and a reduction in the useful floor area for the wall water management system. Another disadvantage is that water collected inside the building could lead to deterioration and biological growth, so there should be no organic or moisture-sensitive materials within the water management zone. Lastly, venting of the wall water management zone is required to control the possibility of biological growth.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Waterproofing materials<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of the seemingly endless variety of waterproofing products, only a few are reasonable choices for below-the-water-table, property-line construction due to varying wall casting methods and the difficulties of blind-side waterproofing. In some places, shotcrete (pneumatically applied concrete) has become the predominate wall casting method in property-line wall placement. While cost effective because it increases the speed of construction, shotcrete performs poorly with designs that rely solely on membrane waterproofing systems\u2014where there is not a drainage system.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The waterproofing materials most commonly used in property-line construction include sodium bentonite, asphalt, polyethylene composite, and concrete admixtures. Each is appropriate for certain applications.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Sodium bentonite<\/em> is a type of clay that expands when wetted to create a water barrier. It requires a confining pressure of approximately 30 pounds per square foot and moisture to be effective. If it is unconfined, water can enter through unconsolidated locations and the sodium bentonite can wear away through water transport. Protection layers (such as HDPE or geotextile fabric) are incorporated with the sodium bentonite to limit erosion, drying, and local voids, and to stabilize the clay. In blind-side waterproofing, the uncured weight of the concrete walls against the shoring provides the confining pressure as long as the shoring is free of voids. But with shotcrete there is little confining pressure and we have observed voids of more than 2 inches between the shoring and the exterior face of the wall. Manufacturers are adding polymers to sodium bentonite to limit hydration, swelling, confining pressure, drying, and erosion.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Asphalt-based membranes<\/em> are typically modified to some degree so they will adhere to a concrete foundation. The placement of the concrete provides the necessary contact pressure, but the shotcrete concerns remain a problem.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Polyethylene composites<\/em> are pre-applied waterproofing systems intended to bond to the concrete walls and form a continuous waterproof membrane. They have had fair success when used in conjunction with cast-in-place walls but limited success with shotcrete, especially where the structure extends into the water table and where there is no drainage system.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Concrete admixtures<\/em> increase the water resistance of low water-cement concrete. They have been used with cast-in-place concrete for many years but have been used only recently with shotcrete. These products fall into two types: hydrophobic polymer additives and crystalline based. They both limit cracks by reducing the water-cement ratio; provide a level of self-sealing as cracks do occur; and provide a level of corrosion protection to the reinforcing steel by lowering the permeability of the concrete. The hydrophobic products limit absorption of water into the concrete while the crystalline-based products react with absorbed water to form a crystalline matrix that fills pores and fine cracks to limit water passage. Concrete admixture manufacturers have taken an active approach to performing necessary repairs to make the structure watertight if there is water entry.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Schedule and workmanship<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During construction of a below-grade waterproofing system, the general contractor must allow enough time for completing the work and providing adequate inspection. Even after the work is complete and inspected, ongoing monitoring and repairs are needed because other trades frequently damage the membrane. Ultimately, general contractors need to understand that below-grade waterproofing is not a building component that easily can be repaired or maintained\u2014it is a one-time installation that must last as long as the building and it therefore needs greater attention than other types of waterproofing.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One way to protect underslab waterproofing membranes from damage during construction is the installation of a 3- to 4-inch concrete protection slab. These slabs also prevent premature hydration of sodium bentonite-based systems from rain; they should be reinforced (#3 rebar at 18 inches on center, each way) to provide the stability, crack control, and required confining pressure. These slabs do create a cold joint between the protection layer and foundation and require a water-stop or alternate methods to prevent lateral transmission of water.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because there is usually no cost-effective way to repair a membrane, when completed the workmanship must meet the minimum standards and the membrane must be protected from damage. A monitoring procedure should be implemented so that the waterproofing technicians will understand the overall requirements of installing these waterproofing membranes. But remember that the only party that can \u201csign off\u201d on the completed work in a meaningful way is the waterproofing subcontractor.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One method to improve workmanship is for the general contractor to implement a below-grade waterproofing commissioning program that forces the waterproofing subcontractor to establish quality assurance programs. This requires, in part, that the subcontractors follow a specific set of workmanship guidelines:<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li>Prepare full shop drawings so that the waterproofing technician has a complete understanding of the application<\/li> <li>Provide timely RFIs (requests for information) on issues that are not adequately described in the contract documents<\/li> <li>Implement a mock-up of the installation to set the project standard<\/li> <li>Monitor the installation and perform the required repairs<\/li> <\/ul> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proactive below-grade waterproofing starts with defining the owner&#8217;s requirements and expectations, resolving any conflict between performance and cost, and using the current knowledge of below-grade waterproofing design, materials, workmanship, and quality assurance to achieve a satisfactorily watertight building. This proactive approach requires the participation of the owner, designer, and contractor working together. The owner must define the level of waterproofing performance they require and will fund on a project. The contractor must implement a waterproofing installation that meets the owner&#8217;s intended objective and the designer must provide the appropriate design specifying the correct waterproofing materials and system.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Specific items that should be stressed are:<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li>Either a redundant membrane system or a membrane with a water management system is needed to prevent leaks in any below-grade structure built into the water table<\/li> <li>The construction schedule must provide adequate time for installation, membrane protection, and inspection<\/li> <li>Use of shotcrete should be carefully evaluated in applications where the building is built into the water table<\/li> <li>Admixtures are not yet a viable sole waterproofing membrane option<\/li> <li>Grout injection commonly is used to bridge the gap between the owner&#8217;s expectations, what the owner paid for, and the designer&#8217;s and contractors&#8217; performance<\/li> <\/ul> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ultimately, a watertight subterranean structure can be achieved if, at the beginning of the design, all parties clearly state their goals and understand the costs, prepare a design that reflects the specific site conditions, use materials that work with the intended wall casting method, and implement the work in accordance with the project manual.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u2014 Kenneth A. Klein, P.E., is senior principal at Simpson Gumpertz &#038; Heger, San Francisco. He has more than 20 years experience in the investigation and design of waterproofing. He can be contacted at <a href=\"mailto:kaklein@sgh.com.\" target=\"_blank\">kaklein@sgh.com.<\/a><\/em><\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Waterproofing below-grade foundations is straightforward in principle but difficulties can come up during application. This article focuses on issues related to waterproofing foundations in below-water-table construction that is close to the property line, although most of the principles apply equally to other below-grade structures. Most of the problems that arise in waterproofing are due to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":64021,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":true,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Features","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Proactive Waterproofing","zonda_promo_abstract":"Waterproofing below-grade foundations is straightforward in principle but difficulties can come up during application. 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