{"id":62731,"date":"2006-03-02T15:50:01","date_gmt":"2006-03-02T15:50:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/battling-the-enemy_o"},"modified":"2006-03-02T15:50:01","modified_gmt":"2006-03-02T15:50:01","slug":"battling-the-enemy_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/battling-the-enemy_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Battling the enemy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<div class=\"image-carousel\"\n\trole=\"region\"\n\taria-roledescription=\"carousel\"\n\taria-label=\"Image carousel\"\n\tdata-total-slides=\"3\"\n\t>\n\n\t<div class=\"image-carousel-top\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-counter\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"current-index\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\tof\t\t\t<span class=\"total-count\">3<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"image-carousel__hero-wrapper\">\n\t\t<button class=\"carousel-prev\"\n\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Previous slide\"\n\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-main\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide active\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-0\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 1 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"false\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Load the first image immediately at full size -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg 150w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=140,177 140w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=90,114 90w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=103,131 103w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 2 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Lazy load other main images with data-src to be loaded only when needed -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp15-2etmp-tcm111-1331065.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"lazy-load-image\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tloading=\"lazy\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 3 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Lazy load other main images with data-src to be loaded only when needed -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg 150w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?resize=133,114 133w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"lazy-load-image\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tloading=\"lazy\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<button class=\"carousel-next\"\n\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Next slide\"\n\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"carousel-captions-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption active\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatmen&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-0\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeft: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-1\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeft: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAtmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible couplin&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-2\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAtmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"carousel-thumbnails-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Thumbnail navigation\">\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-thumbnails\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper active\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?w=150&#038;h=150&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp15-2etmp-tcm111-1331065.jpg?w=150&#038;h=51&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?w=150&#038;h=129&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Corrosion at wastewater treatment facilities gets little attention from upper-echelon managers and policymakers but is all too familiar to those who actually operate and maintain the plants. Until this year, the 20-volume ASM Handbook did not even specifically address corrosion in wastewater plants. Unfortunately, it takes a series of unfortunate episodes to bring the problem to public awareness.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recently, a number of large corrosion-related failures in San Diego, Phoenix, Miami, and elsewhere have been traced to corrosion and deterioration of concrete, and Los Angeles is contending with a failure expected to cost billions of unplanned rehab\/replacement dollars. These incidents highlight corrosion as a major concern. The bright side is that plant designers, owners, and operators have an arsenal of tools for controlling corrosion. Properly selected and used, these tools can save hundreds of billions of dollars over the long term. The concept is both simple and innovative because it calls for a genuine revolution in how we look at public works infrastructure.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the past, wastewater plants were expected to have a useful life of 25 to 50 years, depending on climate, soil, and other conditions. But the time has come to start thinking of an indefinite useful life.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At San Diego&#8217;s Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant (peak capacity of 432 mgd), a recent rehabilitation of its 30- and 40-year-old sedimentation tanks brought the units back up to standard so effectively that the plant&#8217;s senior civil engineer expects them to last another 30 years without a major renewal.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This will save taxpayers millions in rehabilitation and replacement costs, and it also enables the city to use the modified approach for its Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) 34 report and claim an indefinite life for the $32 million asset. With advanced materials and methods, and a deeper understanding of their structure and behavior, agencies can extend the life of facilities indefinitely, making replacement or major rehabilitation rare.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Protecting a Plant<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Corrosive environments within a wastewater facility are broadly classified as buried, fluid (submerged), or atmospheric. Every component is exposed to at least one of these and therefore vulnerable to several kinds of corrosive attack.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The problem begins with the potable water supply which may be non-corrosive, highly aggressive, or in between. Then, new constituents are picked up along the way, increasing the organic load and making the water increasingly aggressive. Testing wastewater\u2014for pH, chloride-ion content, resistivity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, levels of suspended solids, and Langelier Index (a measure indicating the tendency for calcium carbonate buildup)\u2014is an essential first step. Tests will reveal water acidity, expected rate of mineral deposition, pipeline corrosion, and potential bacterial generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria such as <i>Desulfovibrio desulfuricans<\/i> in the gelatinous slime layer on interior walls produce H2S when they metabolize sulfur from organic matter in the wastewater. Other bacterial populations convert H2S to sulfuric acid, which attacks concrete, metallic, and other reactive materials. Climate (warmer regions are at greater risk), water temperature, abundance or paucity of dissolved oxygen, slope in pipelines, retention time, and wetted surface area all influence H2S generation.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soil and air also should be tested prior to siting and before design and construction of a facility. Soil issues include soil resistivity and chemistry, and proximity to other structures, including cathodically protected structures and utilities. Inspection of existing structures can uncover important information. Ambient air should be tested for damaging substances including airborne salts, industrial contaminants, and traffic-generated sulfur dioxide.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wastewater facilities are made mostly of two things: concrete and metal. Each of these has its own corrosion issues.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage-->\n\n<div class=\"image-carousel\"\n\trole=\"region\"\n\taria-roledescription=\"carousel\"\n\taria-label=\"Image carousel\"\n\tdata-total-slides=\"3\"\n\t>\n\n\t<div class=\"image-carousel-top\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-counter\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"current-index\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\tof\t\t\t<span class=\"total-count\">3<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"image-carousel__hero-wrapper\">\n\t\t<button class=\"carousel-prev\"\n\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Previous slide\"\n\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-main\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide active\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-0\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 1 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"false\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Load the first image immediately at full size -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg 150w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=140,177 140w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=90,114 90w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=103,131 103w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 2 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Lazy load other main images with data-src to be loaded only when needed -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp15-2etmp-tcm111-1331065.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"lazy-load-image\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tloading=\"lazy\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 3 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Lazy load other main images with data-src to be loaded only when needed -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg 150w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?resize=133,114 133w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"lazy-load-image\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tloading=\"lazy\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<button class=\"carousel-next\"\n\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Next slide\"\n\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"carousel-captions-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption active\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatmen&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-0\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeft: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-1\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeft: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAtmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible couplin&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-2\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAtmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"carousel-thumbnails-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Thumbnail navigation\">\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-thumbnails\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper active\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?w=150&#038;h=150&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp15-2etmp-tcm111-1331065.jpg?w=150&#038;h=51&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?w=150&#038;h=129&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Concrete.<\/b> Relatively immune to electrolytic corrosion, concrete is usually durable in underground service but should have a protective coating if the soil is acidic. If groundwater is high in sulfates, use Type V (sulfate-resistant) cement.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As long as it is submerged, concrete generally is safe from corrosive attack. But when submerged surfaces are exposed to air and humidity (as they are in a sewer pipeline during hours or seasons of reduced flow), trouble will follow, usually in the form of a biologically mediated sulfuric acid attack. Under the right conditions, concrete can be destroyed surprisingly quickly. Corrosion tends to be much faster and more extensive where concrete is exposed to combinations of fluids and air\u2014such as sewer pipes, manholes, junction boxes, pumping stations, wetwells, grit chambers, clarifiers, aeration basins-in short, any place where the water level varies and biological slimes are present on the pipe or vessel walls.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The bottom line is that unprotected concrete should not be used anywhere high H2S concentrations occur. In particular, protective interior linings in large-diameter pipelines should extend well below the anticipated waterline. The most extensive sewer main rehabilitation or replacement projects arise out of failure to observe this principle.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Metals.<\/b> All metallic components are vulnerable to corrosion, including steel pipe supports, wall anchors, slide gates, catwalks over clarifiers, roof vents, and clarifier mechanisms, where steel bolts can be a particular focus of corrosion. Aluminum&#8217;s resistance to atmospheric sulfides and other pollutants makes it an attractive choice for numerous applications, but it will corrode quickly when used, as it often is, for digester odor-control covers without adequate ventilation. Aluminum also corrodes rapidly when in contact with high-alkaline substances such as concrete and therefore should not be used for handrails, door or access hatch frames, or windows unless isolated with an appropriate dielectric material. It should not be used for underground applications or in fluid exposures.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With appropriate precautions, copper and brass perform well in underground applications. In low-pH or high-chloride\/sulfide soils, electrical isolation or cathodic protection may be needed. Copper and brass also resist atmospheric corrosion well under most circumstances but are attacked by the hydrogen sulfide prevalent in wastewater facilities. Their use is discouraged unless absolutely necessary\u2014such as in electrical systems, fuses, and switches. Protective coatings, well-sealed stainless steel or nonmetallic junction boxes, tight seals on conduits and at conduit entrances, and vapor corrosion inhibitors can help retard corrosion of copper and copper alloys.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Steel and ductile iron need to be electrically isolated from dissimilar metals to prevent galvanic corrosion. Buried pipelines and structures should be coated or protected cathodically, or at least provided with a means of corrosion monitoring. Steel components that will be submerged (such as rake arms or clarifier mechanisms) also should receive cathodic protection and suitable coatings.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stainless steel, particularly the 300 (austenitic or iron-chromium-nickel) series, is useful in the corrosive environment of a wastewater plant. In most facilities, stainless is replacing carbon steel and cast iron for slide gates and other water control apparatus. Generally, however, stainless is not suitable in buried exposures due to the risk of differential oxygen corrosion cells forming. Type 316L (a low-carbon molybdenum steel) generally performs best in flowing-water applications, though there is some risk of pitting if the wastewater is slow-moving or stagnant.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Coatings and Linings<\/b> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As recently as 1950, bare concrete structures were the norm. The first tentative advancements emerged in the 1940s. Early products, alkyds or coal-tar epoxy resin coatings, were costly, often required several layers, adhered inconsistently, and were subject to pitting and corrosive gas penetration. Solvent-based coal-tar epoxies also shrank as they dried, leading to crazing, cracking, and separation.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today&#8217;s high-performance materials date back roughly to 1960, when intensive research on coatings began. The result is an extensive selection of polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyurethanes, 100% solids epoxies, fiberglass-reinforced epoxies, and other specifically formulated products.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, elastomeric urethanes or high-solids epoxy coatings give good protection against chlorine; high-solids epoxies are suited for interior piping, equipment, and metalwork; aliphatic polyurethanes usually perform better on exterior surfaces. An array of reliable, affordable membrane linings also is available. Many of these materials have been in place and performing well for more than 30 years.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage-->\n\n<div class=\"image-carousel\"\n\trole=\"region\"\n\taria-roledescription=\"carousel\"\n\taria-label=\"Image carousel\"\n\tdata-total-slides=\"3\"\n\t>\n\n\t<div class=\"image-carousel-top\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-counter\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"current-index\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\tof\t\t\t<span class=\"total-count\">3<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"image-carousel__hero-wrapper\">\n\t\t<button class=\"carousel-prev\"\n\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Previous slide\"\n\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-main\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide active\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-0\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 1 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"false\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Load the first image immediately at full size -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg 150w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=140,177 140w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=90,114 90w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?resize=103,131 103w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 2 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Lazy load other main images with data-src to be loaded only when needed -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp15-2etmp-tcm111-1331065.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"lazy-load-image\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tloading=\"lazy\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-slide hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-slide-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tabpanel\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-roledescription=\"slide\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Slide 3 of 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Lazy load other main images with data-src to be loaded only when needed -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?w=150\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg 150w, https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?resize=133,114 133w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"lazy-load-image\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tloading=\"lazy\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-caption=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<button class=\"carousel-next\"\n\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Next slide\"\n\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"carousel-captions-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption active\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Crews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatmen&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-0\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrews at the Central Costa Sanitary District Wastewater Treatment Plant install deep-well anodes for a cathodic protection system designed to protect the secondary-treated-effluent welded steel pipe (shown with a white coating at the rear of the photo). The deep well was drilled to a depth of 320 feet and was about 12 inches in diameter. Photos: V&amp;A Consulting Engineers Inc.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Left: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeft: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-1\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeft: Welders connect paired cathodic protection wires to below-grade wastewater pipes. Only a small fraction of U.S. wastewater systems are currently provided with cathodic protection. Right: Polyvinyl chloride sheeting\u2014shown here in interior-wall form\u2014will protect the new pump station from sulfide-induced corrosion.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption hidden\"\n\t\t\t\t\tid=\"carousel-caption-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"carousel-caption__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"image-caption\" data-full-caption=\"Atmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption-preview\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAtmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible couplin&#8230;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"read-more-toggle\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"caption-full-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span id=\"caption-full-2\" class=\"full-caption hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAtmospheric conditions caused corrosion on this flexible coupling.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"carousel-thumbnails-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Thumbnail navigation\">\n\t\t<div class=\"carousel-thumbnails\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper active\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp14-2etmp-tcm111-1331064.jpg?w=150&#038;h=150&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp15-2etmp-tcm111-1331065.jpg?w=150&#038;h=51&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"thumbnail-wrapper \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Go to slide 3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls=\"carousel-slide-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-selected=\"false\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"tab\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2025\/06\/tmp16-2etmp-tcm111-1331066.jpg?w=150&#038;h=129&#038;crop=1\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <b>Repainting the Picture<\/b> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the wastewater industry, the most important development in the past decade is not the technology or materials, but broader acceptance of these materials by the marketplace. The first generation sometimes failed prematurely or had a shorter-than-promised useful life. Many suppliers also folded, so users had no recourse in case of failure. In addition, there was little in the way of industry-wide coordination or standardized specifications and designations.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today&#8217;s coatings and linings industry, in contrast, has gone through an extensive shake-out and consolidation. There are far fewer suppliers, but those remaining have passed the test of time, and their products are more reliable than ever. As a result, more new facilities incorporate nonmetallic, nonreactive, and relatively maintenance-free fiberglass for piping, I-beams and channels, plates, pipe supports, and other components. The most heartening development is that corrosion is no longer a \u201cbelow-the-radar\u201d issue. We see this in the growing number of corrosion-prevention symposia.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The majority of corrosion problems in wastewater plants could be eliminated by adhering to two simple guidelines:<\/p> <li>Someone must review plans and specifications of any new treatment plant with an eye toward corrosion mitigation. If potential weaknesses are flagged right away (such as copper fittings in a high-sulfide atmosphere, dissimilar metals in contact or near proximity, areas of concrete exposure to H2S and sulfuric acid), appropriate modifications or changes can be made.<\/li> <li>Agencies need to extend their time horizon and think in terms of an indefinite life for major assets. Unfortunately, few agencies can afford their own corrosion experts, and asking facility owners to increase the frequency of inspections when everyone is being asked to do more with less may sound quixotic. It is understandable that corrosion protection often takes a back seat to other, more pressing issues\u2014until a catastrophic failure; then, it is all too clear that deciding 20 years ago to save $50,000 on corrosion protection is the reason we are spending millions today on emergency repairs.<\/li> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the landmarks in my corner of the world is the Golden Gate Bridge\u2014a celebrated engineering feat, and also a highly visible role model for how to properly maintain a structure. The Bridge Division\u2014part of the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway, and Transportation District\u2014employs a team of engineers and ironworkers for regular inspection and minor fixes, while a crew of 28 bridge painters continually works to guard against corrosion. The result has been 68 years of continuous service without a single corrosion-induced emergency, despite an aggressive marine environment. We expect the Golden Gate to continue to reliably serve future generations.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wastewater treatment plants and sewer mains may not have the charisma of a world-famed landmark bridge, but they are equally vital, severe-service, \u201c24\/7\/365\u201d infrastructure assets, and a failure could have severe economic and public-health impacts. Given the same kind of attention and occasional, minor \u201ctouching-up\u201d\u2014once every five years would be enough, in most cases\u2014there is no reason these facilities, too, shouldn&#8217;t enjoy a similarly trouble-free, virtually unlimited service life.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014 <i>Villalobos is president of Oakland, Calif.-based V&#038;A Consulting Engineers Inc.<\/i><\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Corrosion at wastewater treatment facilities gets little attention from upper-echelon managers and policymakers but is all too familiar to those who actually operate and maintain the plants. Until this year, the 20-volume ASM Handbook did not even specifically address corrosion in wastewater plants. Unfortunately, it takes a series of unfortunate episodes to bring the problem [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":false,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Battling the enemy","zonda_promo_abstract":"Corrosion at wastewater treatment facilities gets little attention from upper-echelon managers and policymakers but is all too familiar to those who actually operate and maintain the plants. Until this year, the 20-volume ASM Handbook did not even specifically address corrosion in wastewater plants. Unfortunately, it takes a series of unfortunate episodes to bring the problem to public awareness.","zonda_promo_headline":"","zonda_promo_image":0,"zonda_subheadline":"Safeguarding against corrosion in wastewater facilities"},"tags":[],"news_item_type":[780],"section_10":[83124],"subject":[29031,1394,41828],"organization":[],"award":[],"person":[],"product_type_10":[],"content-group":[],"event":[],"location":[],"state":[],"brand":[21460],"jlc-category":[],"year_tax":[],"sponsor":[],"coauthors":[88569],"class_list":["post-62731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","news_item_type-feature","section_10-infrastructure","subject-accounting","subject-buildings-and-facilities","subject-corrosion","brand-public-works"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Battling the enemy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Safeguarding against corrosion in wastewater facilities\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/battling-the-enemy_o\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/battling-the-enemy_o\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Battling the enemy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Safeguarding against corrosion in wastewater facilities\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/projects\/infrastructure\/battling-the-enemy_o\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Concrete Construction Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2006-03-02T15:50:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"Jose L. 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