{"id":58847,"date":"2006-01-17T20:56:27","date_gmt":"2006-01-17T20:56:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/doing-accurate-layout-work_o"},"modified":"2006-01-17T20:56:27","modified_gmt":"2006-01-17T20:56:27","slug":"doing-accurate-layout-work_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/site-prep\/doing-accurate-layout-work_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Doing Accurate Layout Work"},"content":{"rendered":"

Van and Lawrence Smith founded Smith Bros. Concrete Contractors, Walden, N.Y., in 1975. They bought a truck for $300 and had to borrow $3 for gas to drive it home. For the first several years they installed block and brick masonry but gradually shifted their emphasis to poured foundations for residential homes. Van says that 5 years ago there was one computer in their office, and staff took turns using it. But he sensed the increasing importance of office computers and later placed a computer on every desk.<\/p>

Three years ago, at the World of Concrete, they visited with companies selling \u201ctotal stations\u201d\u2014survey instruments capable of faster, more accurate layout work. To Van they were extensions of computer technology, and he decided to invest. He recalls the sales person urging them to spend a little more money for an instrument capable of linking up with a \u201cdata collector.\u201d So they bought a Trimble construction total station (requiring two men for layout) and later added the data collector, an LM-80 Layout Manager\u2014 a very contractor-friendly unit. This enabled them to use the full potential of total stations for layout work. More recently the company purchased a \u201crobotic total station\u201d with a touchscreen data collector, the instrument they prefer to use now. The younger generation, Van’s 23-year-old son, Conor; now does most of their layout work.<\/p>

<\/p>

One of the unexpected results of total station technology was that the Smith brothers were able to position their business in more non-competitive areas of work. From installing 160 foundations they downsized to 80 custom foundations per year. Their competition currently refers many projects to them because of the intricate layout work and complicated forming needed. This year they received the \u201cFoundation from Hell\u201d award given by the Concrete Foundation Association (CFA). \u201cWhen we set up the 60 layout points for the foundation in the data collector, we discovered a 4-inch error on the architectural drawings,\u201d said Van. \u201cWe saved several thousand dollars by finding the error long before the walls were constructed.\u201d<\/p>

Types of equipment and how they work<\/strong><\/h3>

Lawrence Smith, segment manager for the construction instruments division for Trimble, Dayton, Ohio, says, \u201cTotal stations combine theodolite technology (which accurately measures angles on both the vertical and horizontal axis) with electronic distance meters (EDM).\u201d Before going to a site, you determine the layout points for a project relative to at least two known control points on the property survey. Once onsite, two people lay out each of the points. Though plans are two-dimensional on a horizontal plane, a total station will accurately locate the points, even when the land is sloped or uneven.<\/p>

Elements of a total station<\/strong><\/h3>

The instrument.<\/strong> There are manual total stations and robotic total stations. Each one uses laser and infrared technology. Manual stations require two people to shoot points, and the data collector is located at the instrument. Only one person is needed for layout work with a robotic instrument because it automatically follows the target everywhere. The data collector is located at the target and communicates with the instrument by radio.<\/p>

Data collectors.<\/strong> They are small, powerful computers with software for locating and recording the layout points and control points. Data collectors can be separate units or built into a total station. Van and Conor use a Trimble LM80 with their manual station and a TDS touchscreen unit for their robotic station. You can use them to plot layout points, or you can download computer assisted drawings (CAD) directly into them. If you manually locate points, software guides you through the process. Van added a layout software package called \u201cSurvey Pro\u201d to the TDS collector for his robotic station.<\/p>

<\/p>

Once points are plotted, the information is stored in a job file on the data collector for future use. Hundreds of project folders can be stored for use whenever they are needed.<\/p>

The target.<\/strong> It is very different from the traditional \u201csticks\u201d or \u201crods\u201d used with older surveying instruments. Located at the top of a target is a 360\u00b0 series of prisms that reflect light back to the total station. From this, distance and direction are determined. For robotic instruments, a radio and either a data collector or a keyboard are mounted on the target.<\/p>

Holding a target plumb is a very important worker skill when locating a layout point. This is the reason for many layout errors. For control, \u201cBi-Pods\u201d are available\u2014two adjustable legs that secure the target like a tripod. This way the target can be kept plumb while locating a layout point.<\/p>

Checking for \u201cclosure\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>

Total stations can accurately locate layout points within 1\/16 inch of their ideal location. Van says their goal is to be within ? of an inch for their foundation work. But to do this requires skill, understanding, and a commitment to checking the work. The process starts by checking layouts for \u201cclosure,\u201d which refers to closing boundaries or ending on the same point from which you started when laying out buildings and foundations. When you plot the corner points around a structure, you should end at the starting point. If there is a separation between these two points, the error must be resolved. If you input points from a plan, either there is an error on the plan or there is a calculation error on your part. If you download plans directly, the error is a drafting error.<\/p><\/div>

Working with CAD drawings<\/strong><\/h3>

According to Lawrence Smith (from Trimble), the majority of all plans are created by CAD today. Lay persons tend to regard CAD drawings as nearly perfect and error-free. But this is not the case. CAD does minimize drawing mistakes. But a wide range of mistakes involving dimension and line intersections is possible, including:<\/p>

  • Human error. Though CAD reduces many kinds of errors or alerts drafters to mistakes, there is still room for human error.<\/li>
  • For closure, two lines must meet at the same point. This can be hard to determine when using a scale of ? inch equals a foot for example. There might be a little separation between points that’s not visible on the monitor.<\/li>
  • There are different line commands to choose from on CAD. Each command has its own set of rules. If you are drawing in \u201cpolyline\u201d or \u201cline segment\u201d for instance, a tool allows you to force closure, but this doesn’t mean that you then have a proper layout. The command could cause the parallel lines of a box to be of different lengths, with the angles being more or less than 90 degrees.<\/li>
  • Drafters can override built-in relationship rules in CAD. When this happens, many unforeseen errors are possible.<\/li> <\/ul>

    The challenge for contractors, regardless of how plans are drawn, is to find and resolve errors before jobsite layout is attempted, which can be frustrating and time consuming. Van says that he doesn’t load CAD drawings directly into his data collector. He thinks it’s easier to find errors by plotting layout points from plan sheets into his data collector. Even so, on his most difficult project, the \u201cFoundation from Hell,\u201d it took him a week to find the 4-inch error on the architect’s drawings. But imagine trying to find that error onsite with a tape measure.<\/p>

    Where is this all taking us?<\/strong><\/h3>

    Given the state of present technology, no one is willing to pay a design firm to produce perfect plans\u2014there really is no such thing as a perfect plan anyway. Data collectors and their software for total stations make it easier to locate errors on plans. So they significantly raise the level of accurate layout work. Through their use, problems on the jobsite can be identified before they become serious construction issues. The challenge for the design community is to provide layout plans with higher levels of accuracy.<\/p>

    <\/p>

    If you plan to do layout work for a project using a total station, call the designer and explain that you intend to use this equipment on the project. Ask the designer to check the plans for:<\/p>

    • Closure for all boundaries<\/li>
    • Dimensional accuracy<\/li> <\/ul>

      Our changing industry<\/strong><\/h3>

      Computerized technology is becoming more and more integrated into the construction process. And though you might conclude from this article that this technology is too complicated for you, it really isn’t. Scott Carter, owner of Robotic Surveying Solutions, Farmington, Utah, does seminar work for the CFA and consults with contractors. He says that half the CFA membership owns one or more robotic total stations. And he adds that it doesn’t take long for contractors to learn to use them. There are good reasons for you to invest in this technology:<\/p>

      • Construction total stations make layout work more precise, saving costly mistakes.<\/li>
      • Recent data collectors provide digital and graphical displays of blueprints, allowing contractors to easily check for errors and make calculations on the jobsite.<\/li>
      • They save time. Van says his average layout takes half an hour.<\/li>
      • Your project isn’t put on hold while you wait for other companies to provide the service.<\/li>
      • Contractors report that total stations pay for themselves in a short time.<\/li>
      • Once the realm of the surveying industry, manufacturers are designing instruments specifically for contractor use.<\/li> <\/ul>

        Regarding cost, a total station costs approximately $7000. A data collector costs more than $3000, and a robotic total station is approximately $35,000. But contractors like Smith Brothers know the equipment quickly pays for itself\u2014including robotic models. Carter agrees that the productivity of these tools far exceeds their cost. Many contractors can pay for a robotic tool within a couple years just by saving the cost of the one unnecessary laborer.<\/p>

        The three primary manufacturers of total stations are Leica, Topcon, and Trimble. They will each have display areas at the World of Concrete. Make it a point to stop at their booths and learn more about this fascinating technology.<\/p>

        Circle the corresponding number on the reader service card for more information about total stations:<\/p>

        Leica Circle 1<\/strong><\/p>

        Topcon Circle 2<\/strong><\/p>

        Trimble Circle 3<\/strong><\/p>

        For more information about training:<\/p>

        Robotic Surveying Solutions Circle 4<\/strong><\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Van and Lawrence Smith founded Smith Bros. Concrete Contractors, Walden, N.Y., in 1975. They bought a truck for $300 and had to borrow $3 for gas to drive it home. For the first several years they installed block and brick masonry but gradually shifted their emphasis to poured foundations for residential homes. Van says that […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":58850,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":true,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Features","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Doing Accurate Layout Work","zonda_promo_abstract":"Van and Lawrence Smith founded Smith Bros. Concrete Contractors, Walden, N.Y., in 1975. 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