{"id":31050,"date":"2008-01-07T16:04:50","date_gmt":"2008-01-07T16:04:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/the-trickle-down-effect_o"},"modified":"2008-01-07T16:04:50","modified_gmt":"2008-01-07T16:04:50","slug":"the-trickle-down-effect_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/materials\/the-trickle-down-effect_o\/","title":{"rendered":"The Trickle-Down Effect"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here&#8217;s a little-known fact about Chicago: The Midwest city has more miles of alleys\u20141900 in all\u2014than any other city in the world. That&#8217;s the equivalent surface area of five midsized airports.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That&#8217;s also 3500 acres of impermeable surface in a city that&#8217;s committed to going green.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But going green isn&#8217;t the sole reason for the city&#8217;s $900,000 alley-renovation pilot program, funded by general funds.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cOne of residents&#8217; biggest complaints is flooding,\u201d says Janet Attarian, project director of the city&#8217;s streetscape and urban design program. Heavy rainfalls, or rain events that last for days, flood alleys. The water spills off into\u2014and overwhelms\u2014the city&#8217;s combined sewer\/stormwater system, causing basements to flood and the system to overflow into the Chicago River.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cBasements become short-term retaining ponds until the system clears enough for them to be emptied out,\u201d says Attarian. \u201cPlus, we&#8217;re discharging contaminated water into the river because our system can&#8217;t handle it.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Attarian, the city&#8217;s in-place solutions weren&#8217;t good enough. For example, repaving a puddle-prone alley with asphalt worsens the ponding, causing excess water to run off into backyards instead of into the street where it&#8217;s properly drained into the combined sewer system. And connecting sewer mains from the alleys to the city&#8217;s sewer system is cost-prohibitive.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong>Other options were needed<\/strong> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The answer: Reconstruct alleys with permeable surfaces that allow water to pass through and infiltrate the soil below. Made of either porous asphalt and\/or concrete or paving stones shaped to leave gaps at the corners, these pavements would reduce flooding, recharge groundwater, and save taxpayer dollars that would otherwise be spent treating stormwater or tearing up streets to install stormwater collection systems.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chicago DOT (CDOT) chose five alleys with maintenance problems and ideal soil conditions to test four anti-flood paving models, each incorporating high-albedo concrete and either recycled concrete or permeable<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">pavement (concrete, asphalt, or pavers) as a base material. Surfaces are pitched and graded to direct excess stormwater toward the center of the alley, where it drains into the existing street sewer system. Underneath is 1 foot of either gravel or crushed stone that traps water until it soaks into the ground. Naturally occurring iodes attack pollutants such as oils and antifreeze, helping to break them down before the water reaches aquifiers. Optional inlet structures or stormwater infiltration trenches also are installed to store and dispense water while the soil absorbs it.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The right ingredients<\/strong> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The CDOT turned to local materials consultant S.T.A.T.E. Testing LLC of East Dundee, Ill., to convert national ASTM standards to Illinois DOT specs, which are based on American Association of State Highway &#038; Transportation Officials standards.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe tried to make this as palatable as possible for contractors to bid,\u201d says Cynthia Williams, quality assurance manager for CDOT. S.T.A.T.E. Testing experimented with mix designs to meet project requirements, which include reflectivity, a minimum permeability rate of 3 gallons per square foot per minute for all surface materials, and a compressive strength of at least 1800 psi for pervious concrete.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <strong>The challenges were many<\/strong> <div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">  <div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">  <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Not Just About the Water<\/h3>  <h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cGreen alleys\u201d are more than flood-management devices.<\/h4>  <div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">  <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Managing stormwater runoff is a big issue in Chicago and Cook County in which the city resides. But David Leopold, project manager for the city&#8217;s streetscape and urban design program, says flooding was just one reason for Chicago&#8217;s \u201cgreen alley\u201d pilot project.<\/p>  <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cMy big fear is that people will see this project as just being about resolving standing water issues,\u201d confirms Cindy Williams, CDOT quality assurance manager. \u201cThat&#8217;s not our goal.\u201d<\/p>  <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The green alley project also falls in line with Chicago&#8217;s initiative to build an environmentally sustainable city, providing CDOT with an opportunity to develop and test low-impact and recycled materials for infrastructure. This will help set a standard for other projects in the city, and nationwide.<\/p>  <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other green alley features that have nothing to do with stormwater include:<\/p>  <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022\u201cDark sky\u201d-compliant light fixtures that direct light downward, where it is needed, and not up into second-story windows. The energy-efficient street lights&#8217; metal halide lamps provide white light that reduces glare and helps people distinguish color at night. The lights also reduce light pollution so residents can see the stars. <br> \u2022High-albedo concrete, which is light in color and reflects sunlight away from the surface to reduce the amount of thermal energy released from pavement (i.e. the urban heat island effect). The concrete is made with granulated recycled slag, which is a byproduct of smelting ore to produce or purify metals. <br> The city also encourages residents to install rain roofs and plant shade trees.<\/p>  <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIf we can make our communities cooler, we&#8217;re keeping them healthier at the same time,\u201d says Leopold.<\/p>  <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cOn the hot-mix asphalt side, we struggled with drain-down,\u201d says Jay Behnke, PE, president of S.T.A.T.E. Testing. \u201cConventional hot-mix is a pretty tight mixture [of rock and sand] that stays put, and the liquid asphalt doesn&#8217;t drain down off the aggregate. We figured we needed 25% air voids to get permeability, but with that many holes in the mix the asphalt was leaking away.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The company added ground tire rubber to the mix instead of fibers, and learned it acts just like polymer. Unlike cellulose fiber\u2014which usually is added to hold the asphalt on the aggregate\u2014ground tire rubber doesn&#8217;t require paving contractors to buy special plant equipment. Another bonus: it&#8217;s a recycled product.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the concrete side, the alleys required a pervious surface that could withstand load-bearing vehicles such as garbage trucks. By using aggregates made from hard solid rock, S.T.A.T.E. Testing was able to achieve strengths in excess of 3200 to 3500 psi, which is comparable to standard concrete. The next challenge was laying the concrete.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAlleys are inverted so backyards don&#8217;t get flooded,\u201d says Behnke. \u201cHow do you construct an invert with a paver?\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Luckily, West Fargo, N.D.-based Lura Enterprises Inc. had recently developed a concrete roller screed for this type of work. A constant velocity joint in the center of the screed allows it to flex, enabling workers to finish a slab so that both sides are flat but slope to the center. It also strikes off pervious concrete with ease. The weight of the lightweight screed\u2014called the Lightning Screed\u2014can increase to 220 pounds per 20-foot section by adding water to the tube.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Survey says<\/strong> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There&#8217;s definitely a price difference between constructing conventional alleys and green alleys.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWith traditional alleys, you&#8217;re usually just doing an overlay,\u201d says Behnke. \u201cWith green alleys you have to dig down deeper because you need to put in the drain.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt&#8217;s a little bit of a bump in price because of material development,\u201d says David Leopold, project manager with the city&#8217;s streetscape and urban design program. \u201cBut as we keep building these alleys, the costs will come down as more people get onboard.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Construction began in summer 2006 and continued into fall. All five alleys are finished, and an older, gravel alley has been retrofitted. Plans are in the works to reconstruct more alleys, and there are plenty of choice locations. Twenty percent of Chicago&#8217;s 13,000 alleys are \u201cunimproved,\u201d meaning they&#8217;re dirt or gravel, and another 20% of improved alleys need repair.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, the performance of the four pilot alleys is being monitored to see what materials and techniques work, and what doesn&#8217;t work. A survey also will be sent to residents to gauge user feedback.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So far, the results are good. Residents are happy to get new alleys. Chicago-area developers and other organizations have expressed interest in CDOT&#8217;s newly developed materials. Aldermen are requesting green alleys for their neighborhoods. Local contractors that worked on the project, such as ready-mix concrete provider Prairie Materials, Bridgeview, Ill., are hosting certification courses for working with pervious materials.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And the alleys have undergone one season of freeze\/thaw cycles without a hitch.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt&#8217;s been a pretty severe winter, and they&#8217;re holding up so far,\u201d says Behnke.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Monitoring the alleys will help CDOT and the city&#8217;s streetscape and urban design program develop green alley best management practices. The alleys also may help answer environmental and stormwater management questions.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe don&#8217;t have all the answers,\u201d says Attarian. \u201cBut this is the first step in finding them.\u201d<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u2014 Victoria K. Sicaras is managing editor of PUBLIC WORKS magazine.<\/em><\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here&#8217;s a little-known fact about Chicago: The Midwest city has more miles of alleys\u20141900 in all\u2014than any other city in the world. That&#8217;s the equivalent surface area of five midsized airports. That&#8217;s also 3500 acres of impermeable surface in a city that&#8217;s committed to going green. But going green isn&#8217;t the sole reason for the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":31051,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":true,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Features","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"The Trickle-Down Effect","zonda_promo_abstract":"Here's a little-known fact about Chicago: The Midwest city has more miles of alleys\u20141900 in all\u2014than any other city in the world. That's the equivalent surface area of five midsized airports.That's also 3500 acres of impermeable surface in a city that's committed to going green.","zonda_promo_headline":"","zonda_promo_image":0,"zonda_subheadline":"A Windy City pilot project sets the standard for \u201cgreen alleys\u201d by using pervious pavement in lieu of typical concrete or asphalt"},"tags":[],"news_item_type":[9],"section_10":[72606],"subject":[399,16989,52004,1204,1101,921],"organization":[],"award":[],"person":[],"product_type_10":[],"content-group":[],"event":[],"location":[378],"state":[338],"brand":[],"jlc-category":[],"year_tax":[],"sponsor":[],"coauthors":[41702],"class_list":["post-31050","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","news_item_type-project-article","section_10-materials","subject-infrastructure-projects","subject-paving","subject-pervious-concrete","subject-stormwater-management","subject-sustainability","subject-urban-design","location-chicago-naperville-joliet-il-in-wi","state-illinois"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Trickle-Down Effect<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A Windy City pilot project sets the standard for \u201cgreen 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