{"id":30582,"date":"2007-01-24T16:34:28","date_gmt":"2007-01-24T16:34:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/material-incompatibility_o"},"modified":"2007-01-24T16:34:28","modified_gmt":"2007-01-24T16:34:28","slug":"material-incompatibility_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Material Incompatibility"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">  <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today&#8217;s concrete mixes are more complex than ever, combining a wider range of cements, supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and chemical admixtures to produce economical concretes that can meet exacting performance requirements. Unfortunately, materials sometimes interact in unexpected ways that adversely affect setting time, workability, and strength development. Among the more common problems that result are premature stiffening, excessive cracking, and poor air-void systems.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CTLGroup has recently completed a comprehensive Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study of material incompatibility issues and developed a testing protocol to prevent problems before construction. The comprehensive research project, which began in 1998\u201399, had several goals:<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li>Gain a clearer understanding of the chemistry of reactive materials in concrete<\/li> <li>Develop a preconstruction laboratory testing regimen that could detect problematic interactions and incompatible mix designs<\/li> <li>Correlate lab and field test methods to facilitate quality assurance during construction<\/li> <li>Recommend field tests to confirm concrete quality and allow for needed adjustments onsite<\/li> <\/ul> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is incompatibility?<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the context of the FHWA study, \u201cincompatibility\u201d of concrete materials was defined as interactions between otherwise acceptable materials that result in unexpected or unacceptable performance. The most common problems included premature stiffening (rapid slump loss) and erratic setting of concrete mixtures (flash set, false set, or delayed setting and strength gain) which increased risk of cracking and unacceptable air-void systems. Proper consolidation, finishing, texturing, and curing also can be disrupted.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uncontrolled stiffening and setting of concrete can cause serious problems with concrete pavement construction and with other types of flatwork and structures (such as bridge decks) where the timing of finishing and texturing is critical. These problems may not be noticeable in formed concrete structural elements as long as the concrete can be consolidated in place; however, for both pavements and structures, rapid stiffening may lead to honeycombing and incomplete consolidation.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The aim of the FHWA study was to develop a protocol for users to assess whether a certain combination of materials for pavement concrete would be incompatible in a given environment.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many mechanisms and effects contribute to incompatibility. The mechanisms are complex and interrelated, and frequently they are temperature-related. This means there is no simple way to reliably measure the risk of incompatibility. No one test method is ideal for everything. Some tests can identify problems in the first 30 minutes because of aluminate and sulfate balance issues. Other tests detect later silicate hydration problems, while still others assess other signs of distress.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The protocol was developed to provide as much information as possible before construction, including calibration of the more sensitive laboratory tests with equivalent field tests, using materials likely to be used in the field and under environmental conditions likely to be encountered in the field. The work may also include preparing alternative mix proportions and practices, to accommodate changes in either the environment or in the source of the materials. Field tests could be based on the more rugged tests that are regularly conducted, primarily to monitor the uniformity of the materials and the final mixture.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most of the tests used in this work have some value, so the extent of pre-construction and field testing should be based on the availability of equipment and the relative cost of testing versus the potential cost of a failure. A typical example is determining setting time, which can be measured by any of six different techniques. You should select from among these different techniques based on other project requirements and conditions.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A relatively simple suite of field tests, conducted regularly, can provide reassurance that the concrete mixture is performing satisfactorily or warn of undesirable variables or potential incompatibility.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following tests make up this protocol:<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li>Foam index<\/li> <li>Foam drainage<\/li> <li>Unit weight<\/li> <li>Slump loss<\/li> <li>Semiadiabatic temperature monitoring<\/li> <li>Setting time<\/li> <li>Chemistry of reactive materials<\/li> <\/ul><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">  <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is happening?<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The chemistry of concrete systems is complex, and a basic understanding of the reactions occurring in the systems is essential in applying the protocol. Hydraulic cementitious systems stiffen, set, and harden by a process called hydration, which is a series of nonreversible chemical reactions with water.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two aluminate compounds, C3A and C4AF, are present in portland cement. C4AF does not contribute significantly to system performance; however, C3A reacts rapidly when mixed with water and generates a large amount of heat (Figure 1) unless the reaction is controlled by the presence of sulfate. If the reaction of C3A with water is uncontrolled because there is insufficient sulfate in the solution for the amount of C3A involved, then flash (or permanent) set can occur.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calcium sulfate is added to cement as gypsum (CSH2) during grinding to control the initial reaction of C3A. During grinding, some of the gypsum is dehydrated to form plaster (CSH1\/2). The amount of dehydration is controlled by the manufacturer to provide optimum performance of the cement; however, if the amount of dehydration is incorrect, then false (temporary) set can occur.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use of a fly ash containing C3A may result in flash set or rapid stiffening because of insufficient sulfate to control its hydration.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some Type A water-reducing ad-mixtures also may influence the balance between C3A and sulfates because they tend to accelerate C3A hydration. Likewise, increasing temperatures accelerate the chemical reactions and also increase the risk of uncontrolled stiffening if marginally balanced materials are in use. Other contributors to potential risks are very finely ground cements, high alkali content in the system, and very low water-to-cementitious materials ratios.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All of these reactions and changes occur within the first 15 to 30 minutes after mixing, which has implications for concrete paving that uses nonagitating transporters. Even when agitators or truck mixers carry the concrete to the paver, the delivery time may be so short that there may not be an opportunity to work through a false set if it occurs. On longer deliveries for structures or flatwork, early stiffening may be less evident, but it may cause the addition of excessive water to the concrete delivered in a truck mixer.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the hydration products of the silicates (C2S and C3S) in cement is calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), which is the primary contributor to concrete strength, durability, and the heat of hydration.The silicates start to react two to four hours after mixing, when calcium reaches supersaturation in the mix solution. These reactions lead to setting and strength gain. If too much calcium has been consumed during earlier, uncontrolled C3A reactions, then setting may be delayed. In addition, the same Type A water-reducing admixtures that accelerate C3A reactions may retard silicate reactions, also potentially adding to the delay. Low temperatures also slow the hydration process.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both accelerated C3A (uncontrolled stiffening) and delayed silicate reactions (delayed setting) can occur in the same mix. When rapid stiffening occurs in paving, the concrete mixture may be workable when delivered, but will stiffen up in the paving machine, leading to poor consolidation and difficulties with finishing and texturing.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Delayed setting significantly increases the risk of plastic shrinkage cracking, and makes it difficult to get the saw-cutting of joints completed at the right time. For concrete delivered in truck mixers, more water may have to be added before discharge for either paving or structural applications.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How do I prevent these problems?<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although there is no silver bullet for preventing these problems, carefully evaluating materials before construction starts will indicate potential problems and help develop guidelines on what to change if problems occur. The evaluation tests should be conducted over the range of likely temperatures and using the range of likely material quantities and admixture dosage rates.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conduct preconstruction tests to evaluate the proposed system&#8217;s sensitivity to variations in materials composition and the environment. This will allow you to select alternative materials in advance or to prepare action plans to be implemented if such changes occur in the field. The preconstruction testing also will provide calibration between field- and laboratory-based tests, and offer guidance on appropriate limits for the materials to be used and conditions likely to be encountered.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before conducting any physical tests, review the chemistry of the reactive materials. Fine c ementitious materials with high C3A or low sulfate contents (or both) may be at risk, as will fly ashes with high calcium oxide contents. Sugar and triethanolamine-based water-reducing admixtures may increase the risk of problems, especially if the concrete is to be placed at high temperatures.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paste- and mortar-based laboratory tests, including the minislump test and the ASTM C 359 mortar stiffening test, will indicate whether aluminate-based incompatibilities are occurring. Tests that flag silicate reaction problems in paste and mortar include parallel-plate rheology, setting time, and isothermal calorimetry. If the paste and mortar tests indicate potential problems, then concrete mixtures should be made and tested for slump loss, semiadiabatic temperature curve, and setting time.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If problems are still likely in the field, then adjust any of the following: supplementary cementitious material (SCM) type, source, or quantity; chemical admixture type or dosage; batching sequence; and mix temperature. If time and budget allow, a series of mixtures can be run to indicate the range of variability that can be accommodated. The best corrective action can then be implemented when field problems occur or appear likely.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Field tests during construction should aim to confirm that the materials being delivered are uniform and similar to those used in the preconstruction tests. Significant variations indicated by control charts will flag that the mixture is not performing in the same way that it has previously, and that changes to mix proportions or construction practices may be necessary. Field tests would include monitoring chemical reports for the delivered reactive materials, measuring and tracking for concrete slump, slump loss at different times after mixing, semiadiabatic temperature curve, and setting time. These results then can be compared with the preconstruction data and monitored for drift.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not all laboratories perform all of these tests, and some tests are more expensive than others. The decision about which suite of tests to run is largely governed by the balance of costs and risks. A large, high-profile project with significant penalties will require more tests than a small urban repair.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u2014 Peter C. Taylor, Ph.D., PE, is a principal engineer and manager of the Materials Consulting practice for CTL-Group, Skokie, Ill. He served as project manager for FHWA-HRT-06-080, Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials and was the principal author of the FHWA TechBrief on which this article is based. The full report on the research project is available in printed form at the FHWA Product Distribution Center by e-mail to <a href=\"mailto:report.center@fhwa.dot.gov\" target=\"_blank\">report.center@fhwa.dot.gov,<\/a> by fax to 301.577.1421, or by phone to 301-577-0818. An electronic copy is available at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center Web site. To download the report, go to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tfhrc.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.tfhrc.gov.<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today&#8217;s concrete mixes are more complex than ever, combining a wider range of cements, supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and chemical admixtures to produce economical concretes that can meet exacting performance requirements. Unfortunately, materials sometimes interact in unexpected ways that adversely affect setting time, workability, and strength development. Among the more common problems that result are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":30583,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":true,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Features","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Material Incompatibility","zonda_promo_abstract":"Today's concrete mixes are more complex than ever, combining a wider range of cements, supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and chemical admixtures to produce economical concretes that can meet exacting performance requirements. Unfortunately, materials sometimes interact in unexpected ways that adversely affect setting time, workability, and strength development. Among the more common problems that result are premature stiffening, excessive cracking, and poor air-void systems.","zonda_promo_headline":"","zonda_promo_image":0,"zonda_subheadline":"Identifying and preventing problems"},"tags":[],"news_item_type":[780],"section_10":[80713],"subject":[517,910,16533,629,872,7296,671,2641,1026,52013,2936,1798,4083,16989],"organization":[7286],"award":[],"person":[],"product_type_10":[],"content-group":[],"event":[],"location":[],"state":[],"brand":[],"jlc-category":[],"year_tax":[],"sponsor":[],"coauthors":[84203],"class_list":["post-30582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","news_item_type-feature","section_10-construction","subject-air-entrainment","subject-cement","subject-cementitious-materials-and-pozzolans","subject-concrete","subject-concrete-construction","subject-concrete-materials-and-admixtures","subject-concrete-setting","subject-concrete-strength","subject-consistency-and-workability","subject-fly-ash-concrete","subject-high-strength-concrete","subject-laboratory-projects","subject-mix-design","subject-paving","organization-federal-highway-administration-fhwa"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Material Incompatibility<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Identifying and preventing problems\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Material Incompatibility\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Identifying and preventing problems\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Concrete Construction Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2007-01-24T16:34:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2007\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"259\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"Peter Taylor\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\",\"@id\":\"\"},\"headline\":\"Material Incompatibility\",\"datePublished\":\"2007-01-24T16:34:28+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1787,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/10\\\/2007\\\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o\",\"name\":\"Material Incompatibility\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/10\\\/2007\\\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2007-01-24T16:34:28+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"\"},\"description\":\"Identifying and preventing problems\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/how-to\\\/construction\\\/material-incompatibility_o#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/10\\\/2007\\\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/10\\\/2007\\\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg\",\"width\":350,\"height\":259,\"caption\":\"Figure 1- Reactions that occur in hydrating cement, the times they occur, the heat they generate, and the effects on stiffening and setting.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/\",\"name\":\"Concrete Construction Magazine\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\\\/concrete-construction\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Material Incompatibility","description":"Identifying and preventing problems","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o","next":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\/2\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Material Incompatibility","og_description":"Identifying and preventing problems","og_url":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\/","og_site_name":"Concrete Construction Magazine","article_published_time":"2007-01-24T16:34:28+00:00","og_image":[{"width":350,"height":259,"url":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2007\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"9 minutes","Written by":"Peter Taylor"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\/"},"author":{"name":"","@id":""},"headline":"Material Incompatibility","datePublished":"2007-01-24T16:34:28+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\/"},"wordCount":1787,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2007\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o\/","url":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o","name":"Material Incompatibility","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2007\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg","datePublished":"2007-01-24T16:34:28+00:00","author":{"@id":""},"description":"Identifying and preventing problems","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/material-incompatibility_o#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2007\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2007\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg","width":350,"height":259,"caption":"Figure 1- Reactions that occur in hydrating cement, the times they occur, the heat they generate, and the effects on stiffening and setting."},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/#website","url":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/","name":"Concrete Construction Magazine","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"distributor_meta":false,"distributor_terms":false,"distributor_media":false,"distributor_original_site_name":"Concrete Construction Magazine","distributor_original_site_url":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction","push-errors":false,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2007\/tmp31e-2etmp-tcm45-326656.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30582","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30582"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30582\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30582"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"news_item_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news_item_type?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"section_10","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section_10?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"organization","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/organization?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"award","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/award?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"person","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/person?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"product_type_10","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_type_10?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"content-group","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-group?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"event","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/location?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"state","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/state?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/brand?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"jlc-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/jlc-category?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"year_tax","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/year_tax?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"sponsor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sponsor?post=30582"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=30582"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}