{"id":30548,"date":"2008-09-29T15:38:44","date_gmt":"2008-09-29T15:38:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/learning-to-do-pervious_o"},"modified":"2008-09-29T15:38:44","modified_gmt":"2008-09-29T15:38:44","slug":"learning-to-do-pervious_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/materials\/learning-to-do-pervious_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning to do Pervious"},"content":{"rendered":"

Check out the exclusive step-by-step detail of the project in A Lesson in Pervious<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>

As an environmentally friendly product that provides more than a paved surface to drive or park on, pervious concrete offers a new frontier for concrete contractors. Now contractors can offer a \u201cstormwater solution\u201d that allows water to pass through unimpeded, reduces runoff and stormwater treatment, and acts as a biological filter.<\/p>

But pervious concrete, also known as \u201cno-fines\u201d concrete, differs from standard concrete in significant ways. The material is characterized by an open structure that includes 15% to 25% voids. When hardened, it requires both strength and openness to perform properly, so close attention must be given to mix design and placement techniques.<\/p>

Even more than with standard concrete projects, success with pervious concrete requires contractors to collaborate with their concrete producer. They also need to learn some placing and finishing techniques.<\/p>

Material considerations<\/strong> <\/p>

Keeping a good balance among the ingredients is important for any pervious concrete mixture. The water to cementitious materials ratio is especially important and can be more critical to the success of pervious than it is for standard concrete. Because of the sensitivity of the mix, and the fact that it’s a new material for many crews, it’s best to work closely with the concrete producer and rely on the firm’s expertise to provide a good, consistent mix.<\/p>

<\/p>

Today the only useful standardized test for pervious concrete is the ASTM C 138, Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete. Standard concrete is generally in the range of 145 pounds per cubic foot, but pervious mixes range from 128 to 138 pounds per cubic foot.<\/p>

Pervious concrete has virtually no slump, so the slump test is not applicable. Cores can be taken for checking thickness, unit weight, and permeability, and standard cylinders can be made with pervious concrete, but breaking them using standard test methods does not yield meaningful results. The ASTM committee on pervious concrete is developing new test methods, but none have been finalized yet. For the time being, the most reliable acceptance criteria are based on experience.<\/p>

It’s good practice to batch and ship the concrete a bit on the dry side. It’s easy to add a little water, but a load of pervious that arrives too wet may have to be rejected. At the jobsite, check the material by sight\u2014it should have a wet metallic sheen\u2014and by feel to make sure it has the proper consistency.<\/p>

The National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) says to check for proper moisture by forming a handful of the mix into a ball that should hold its shape. Experience has shown in some cases, though, that a somewhat wetter mix\u2014one that leaves a paste coating on your hand when you grab a fistful and release it\u2014will provide better placement results.<\/p>

Pervious concrete mixes typically include a gap-graded coarse aggregate, with a top size from \u00bc to \u00bd inch. Larger aggregate provides a higher degree of permeability but also yields a more open surface. Using an aggregate size in the 3\/8-inch range provides a surface texture that is appropriate for many applications.<\/p>

Crushed stone and gravel both can be used for pervious concrete, but produce different surface textures. The choice of aggregate also determines the cement content and how other ingredients in the mix work together, such as water requirements and the effectiveness of compaction. Generally, pervious concrete made with angular aggregate requires more compactive effort than that made with rounded aggregate, all that made with rounded aggregate, all other things being equal.<\/p><\/div>

NRMCA recommends that little or no fines be included in pervious concrete. However, some concrete producers have found that adding up to 10% sand dramatically improves durability in climates where pavements are subject to freezing and thawing. Research at Iowa State University has shown that a minimum of 9% of the total aggregate must be sand, or material that is retained on the #4 sieve and smaller, for pervious concrete to be resistant to freeze\/thaw damage.<\/p>

Four other ingredients are very important in a pervious concrete mix. First, using a large dose of a hydration stabilizing chemical admixture ensures that no hydration will occur until the concrete has been placed and compacted. The specific dosage depends on concrete temperature and the transportation and placement schedule.<\/p>

Next, there are the questions of how much water and cement to use. Because the aggregate gradation and sizing reduces the overall surface area available for the cement paste to cover, cement requirements are surprisingly low. A mix with 3\/8-inch aggregate may need something in the range of 400 pounds of cement per cubic yard of concrete. Because the paste is most effective when it is no more than .015 inches thick, adding more cement to a pervious mix may not result in stronger concrete and instead weaken the final product.<\/p>

The best pervious concrete is placed relatively dry and stiff but with a paste that is wet and sticky. The water-cement ratio is usually between 0.26 and 0.35, and with a low cement content, that means it is also rather dry.<\/p>

Tips for placing pervious concrete<\/h3>

Getting prepared<\/strong>
\u2022Realize that you’re dealing with a system that consists of the base and the concrete. Both have to be right.
\u2022Use only liquid integral color if colored concrete is desired.
\u2022Get your key people trained in how to place pervious concrete.
\u2022Do three to four placements before you go out and get paid for it.<\/p>

On the job<\/strong>
\u2022Make the sideforms solid all the way to the subbase. The roller screed they’ll be supporting is heavy.
\u2022Use only one section of chute; otherwise it will take a lot of work to get it out of the truck.
\u2022Pervious cannot be pumped, although placing it with conveyors works well.
\u2022Overcharge the material along the edge forms and press down with your foot ahead of the roller screed. This densifies the edges, making them more durable.
\u2022Have the curing materials on the job before the concrete is ordered. If the concrete dries before it cures, you will have a failure.
\u2022Provide extra width and length on the plastic sheeting to allow for fastening to the forms, and use cap nails so they will not pull through the plastic.
\u2022Moisten the subgrade just before placing the concrete.
\u2022Do not overcompact the subgrade.
\u2022Extend the sideforms beyond the end of the pour to support the screed and provide a smoother start and better finish.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>

Finally, adding a pound of \u00be-inch polypropylene fibers per cubic yard of concrete is proving to aid in bonding the coarse aggregate and wicking water after the concrete hardens. However, the method of adding the fibers has to be adjusted to account for the differences of the mixing action in the ready-mix truck between pervious and standard concrete.<\/p>

Placing pervious<\/strong> <\/p>

The basic steps in placing pervious concrete pavement are forming the edges, spreading the concrete, striking it off high and compacting it to grade, rolling in joints if desired, and wet curing. Because these steps go in rapid succession, it is very important to have all tools and supplies on the site where they will be needed before the concrete arrives. The goal is to place, compact, and cover the concrete within 20 minutes, which doesn’t allow time to hunt for missing materials.<\/p>

One approach to forming involves attaching riser strips to the top of the forms as a guide while placing the concrete high. The strips are usually about 1\/10 of the slab thickness, but vary based on aggregate size and shape. After the concrete is placed and screeded off, the riser strips are removed and the concrete compacted by rolling.<\/p>

An effective variation on this method is to use a heavy hydraulic roller screed to both level and compact the concrete. The screed rides on forms that are set at the desired finish elevation. Crews place the concrete in front of the screed just high enough to maintain a small head of material as the screed moves forward. This is one area where experienced concrete workers who are new to pervious concrete must use a new technique. Rather than raking that material away, which they would do when placing standard concrete, they need to keep a constant head in front of the roller to achieve a flat and uniform surface.<\/p>

As the roller screed moves ahead, the concrete surface can be further flattened by cross rolling with a hand roller, remembering this can continue after the plastic is in place. It’s also helpful at this point to spray on a soybean-based oil that helps keep the concrete from drying too quickly until it has been covered with plastic.<\/p>

As soon as the roller screed has passed, the concrete is covered and sealed with plastic sheeting. Using a cloudy plastic, rather than clear, tends to reduce the marks it leaves. In cold weather, using black plastic can help maintain a good curing temperature.<\/p>

The importance of completely covering the concrete cannot be overemphasized. The concrete’s open structure allows both water and air to pass freely through it, which is good once it has hardened but makes it very susceptible to drying out before the cement has hydrated. If that happens, the concrete has no strength.<\/p>

Both the forms and the plastic remain in place throughout the seven-day curing period to ensure that the mix water remains available for hydration. The plastic must be secured on all edges and held down on the concrete surface. Any holes that are made in the plastic must be patched with tape. Seams should be overlapped 6 to 12 inches and sealed\u2014a good spray adhesive can do this effectively.<\/p>

Whether or not to install joints in pervious concrete is essentially an aesthetic question. The material does not experience the same contraction and expansion as standard concrete in the drying process or in response to temperature changes. Even so, joints can be installed to match the look of traditional concrete. If joints are made, they should be rolled into the fresh concrete and edged with a small radius to improve durability of the joint edges.<\/p>

With some education about the material and a little experience, a good concrete crew should become proficient quickly in placing pervious concrete.<\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Check out the exclusive step-by-step detail of the project in A Lesson in Pervious. As an environmentally friendly product that provides more than a paved surface to drive or park on, pervious concrete offers a new frontier for concrete contractors. Now contractors can offer a \u201cstormwater solution\u201d that allows water to pass through unimpeded, reduces […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":30549,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":true,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Features","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Learning to do Pervious","zonda_promo_abstract":"As an 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