{"id":30313,"date":"2009-05-28T20:34:50","date_gmt":"2009-05-28T20:34:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/enhancing-infrastructure_o"},"modified":"2009-05-28T20:34:50","modified_gmt":"2009-05-28T20:34:50","slug":"enhancing-infrastructure_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/enhancing-infrastructure_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enhancing Infrastructure"},"content":{"rendered":"

One of the cornerstones of the Obama administration’s economic stimulus package (www.recovery.gov<\/a>) is investment in U.S. infrastructure, including roads, bridges, ports, airports, and water management systems from the federal level all the way to small-town, USA. Fortunately for the concrete industry, concrete plays a major role in almost all aspects of the nation’s infrastructure. Concrete producers and all their suppliers are eagerly awaiting the roll out of projects demanding millions of cubic yards of concrete. However, this opportunity brings a responsibility\u2014to make certain that the investment in our future lasts a lifetime. Performance specifications can help make certain that our current problems result in a long-term solution.<\/p>

Background<\/h3>

Traditionally concrete specifications have focused on the \u201chow to\u201d of construction. The low-tech approach to concrete production resulted in an environment where designers felt the need to protect themselves by telling the concrete producers what they can and can’t do during the production and delivery of the concrete. Even today, there are some producers who are not fully aware of what is happening with their concrete and how it impacts the constructed project. Iowa DOT conducted a study of roads produced from 1920 to 2005 and found that many of their pavements constructed from 1955 through 1992 were failing prematurely, sometimes after only 5 to 10 years. Older roads were outperforming newer modern roads built with more modern technology and materials. The new technology wasn’t predicting concrete performance accurately.<\/p>

The design side also had its share of problems. Specifications for maximum allowable water-cement (w\/c) ratios have been lowering, based on the \u201cfact\u201d that a lower w\/c ratio is \u201cbetter.\u201d But w\/c ratio isn’t the entire story in regard to concrete quality. A large concrete bridge project was designed using a ductile (or flexible) design concept. This design required concrete that could bend slightly and that wasn’t brittle. However, when the concrete specifications were produced, a maximum w\/c ratio of 0.35 was specified. This would have resulted in a very brittle concrete that wouldn’t be suitable for the ductile design. Designers are pushing the limits of concrete capabilities, structurally and architecturally. Concrete is being squeezed on one side by demands for increased performance and on the other by limitations in its capabilities.<\/p>

<\/p>

Compounding the problem is the fact that the average designer has trouble keeping up with the rapidly changing concrete technology. Superplasticizers and self-consolidating concrete make traditional slump limits obsolete. Simply specifying an air content at the end of the truck chute doesn’t guarantee freeze\/thaw durability. Long chain molecule admixtures, which don’t meet any ASTM specification, can improve concrete performance. Things are changing rapidly enough that it is difficult for concrete specialists to keep up, much less a specifier who must deal with 15 other divisions in the specifications.<\/p>

Performance specifications<\/h3>

Traditional prescriptive specifications focus on the means and methods of how concrete is to be produced. What materials are allowed? How should they be proportioned? How should they be mixed and delivered to the jobsite? Everything is focused on how to make a good product.<\/p>

Performance specifications ignore the means and methods and concentrate on the results, typically in measurable terms. Minimum strength limits, such as 4000 psi (27.6 MPa), are typical and represent a performance specification. Other examples of performance characteristics include modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, permeability, freezing and thawing resistance, and sulfate soundness.<\/p>

<\/p>

Other factors, such as combined aggregate grading limits, percentage of air content, w\/c ratio, and chloride limits on materials blur the line between prescriptive specs and performance specs. The National Ready Mixed Concrete Association’s (NRMCA) P2P Program (Prescriptive to Performance) tries to define performance specifications as those that can be measured over a short-term period (usually less than one year) without imposing restrictions on material combinations. Air content and w\/c ratio are two material restrictions that are permitted in a new model specification the NRMCA has written pending the development of simple, reliable tests that can be used to measure properties related to those restrictions.<\/p>

Time restrictions on the type of tests allowed are important because some durability tests can take years to complete. ASTM C-1293, \u201cStandard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction,\u201d takes 12 to 24 months to complete. The shorter version of the test, ASTM C-1260, \u201cStandard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar Method)\u201d takes two weeks to complete, but is known for its false positives and negatives.<\/p><\/div>


Working with the specifications<\/h3>

The NRMCA P2P Program (www.nrmca.org\/p2p) is one source for performance specifications. The NRMCA program has been active since 2002 and has built up a substantial collection of references, including model codes and specs. The NRMCA also has been instrumental in promoting changes in American Concrete Institute (ACI) and ASTM codes and standards.<\/p>

ACI’s Strategic Development Council (www.concretesdc.org) is working to make it easier for performance specifications to appear in ACI documents, including the Building Code, ACI 318. Changes in exposure condition requirements place responsibility on the designer to state what the severe exposure level is, then make the concrete producer responsible for producing concrete to meet those requirements. Although many of the requirements currently focus on maximum w\/c ratios, the process paves the way for a shift in emphasis on permeability or other durability-related factors.<\/p>

Although ASTM doesn’t have an individual effort focused on performance specifications, many individual initiatives have been implemented. ASTM C-94, \u201cSpecifications for Ready Mixed Concrete\u201d has balloted several attempts at creating a more performance-friendly specification. ASTM C-1157, \u201cStandard Performance Specifications for Hydraulic Cement,\u201d provides a performance alternative for ASTM C-150, \u201cSpecifications for Portland Cement.\u201d<\/p>

As part of its Concrete Pavement Roadmap, the FHWA places emphasis on developing performance criteria and tests for concrete pavements. Visit www.fhwa.dot.gov\/pavement\/pccp\/pubs\/05047<\/a> to view this ambitious outline of needed pavement research and development, which covers all areas of concrete pavement\u2014from materials to mixes to production and placement, through acceptance and maintenance.<\/p>

One of the first products of the Concrete Pavement Roadmap is an FHWA publication #HIF-07-004 entitled \u201cIntegrated Materials and Construction Practices for Concrete Pavement: A State-of-the-Practice Manual.\u201d This document translates theoretical laboratory research into a tool that can be used in the fleld to construct better roads by increasing awareness of factors that affect pavement performance. Also FHWA has released a TechBrief #HIF-09-011 on \u201cPerformance-Related Specifications for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement.\u201d However, FHWA’s performance-related specifications are not quite the same as NRMCA’s performance specifications.<\/p>

<\/p>

The American Concrete Pavement Association has released a statement on performance-related specifications, available at www.pavement.com.<\/a><\/p>

Many designers and owners have worked with performance specifications. Most of the big-box stores have dropped requirements for individual concrete aggregate characteristics in favor of combined grading specifications. Although not a perfect solution for all applications and materials, major retailers have enjoyed improved slabs with fewer cracks since moving to this approach. Likewise, many state DOTs, along with the Federal Aviation Administration, have implemented combined grading specifications and seen better pavement smoothness and durability as a result.<\/p>

Responsibility and verification<\/h3>

As automobile and financial executives have discovered, stimulus money comes with strings attached. After being burned by financial institutions, the Obama administration increasingly is requiring verification of results. Psychologist Lauren Resnick once said, \u201cWhat you assess is what you get; if you don’t test it you won’t get it.\u201d The same applies to concrete. Too often specifiers incorporate a requirement into the contract documents, and then don’t check to see if the requirement was met. Saving a few dollars on an air entrainment test or a unit weight test is insignificant compared to the cost of removing defective concrete, either during construction or five years later, when paving is open to the public or the wastewater treatment plant is in operation. Performance specifications won’t work if that performance isn’t verified.<\/p><\/div>


Hurdles to overcome<\/h3>

To properly produce performance specifications, designers and specifiers will need to learn about the new performance criteria. Incorporating a shrinkage specification from a San Francisco spec into a project spec in Florida will either result in a lot of failed shrinkage tests or a very expensive concrete. Properly designing a project first will require that the designer know the basic concrete characteristics in the project’s local area. Designing for characteristics outside the normally achieved values will result in more expensive concrete.<\/p>

Also, designers need to rethink how they specify concrete. Concrete specifications currently resemble a grocery list of desired characteristics, with specifiers choosing the most restrictive values for each characteristic. In reality concrete characteristics require more of a balance. In order to achieve some characteristics, it is necessary to give up others. For example, increasing early strength of concrete usually will require more cement, which will increase the heat generated by the hydration process and may result in thermal cracking.<\/p>

A problem with creating performance specifications is that a timely test method for the desired criteria may not exist. Most durability tests can take a long time to run. Tests that fit the contractor’s needs are almost nonexistent. There are no tests for finishability, pumpability, resistance to curling, or dynamic segregation.<\/p>

Finally, concrete producers and laboratories will have to ramp up their technical capabilities. Many concrete producers do not have information on permeability or shrinkage characteristics of their concrete. Those that have such information may not have current information. The NRMCA has released a model QC plan that concrete producers can use to build up their own QC programs. Much of what is done for QA verification by the owner ultimately should be performed as part of the concrete producer’s QC program.<\/p>

Proper use of performance specifications can cut costs, increase efficiency, allow for rapid incorporation of new technology, and allocate risk with the appropriate parties. The economic stimulus plan for the infrastructure gives us the opportunity to invest in our future. Performance specifications can help us gain the most from that investment.<\/p>

James M. Shilstone Jr., FACI, is at Shilstone Companies, Plano, Texas. Contact him at 972-509-9501 or www.shilstone.com.<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

One of the cornerstones of the Obama administration’s economic stimulus package (www.recovery.gov) is investment in U.S. infrastructure, including roads, bridges, ports, airports, and water management systems from the federal level all the way to small-town, USA. Fortunately for the concrete industry, concrete plays a major role in almost all aspects of the nation’s infrastructure. 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