{"id":30207,"date":"2007-01-24T16:34:03","date_gmt":"2007-01-24T16:34:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/controlling-flatwork-temperatures_o"},"modified":"2007-01-24T16:34:03","modified_gmt":"2007-01-24T16:34:03","slug":"controlling-flatwork-temperatures_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/construction\/controlling-flatwork-temperatures_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Controlling Flatwork Temperatures"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although most experienced contractors know how to place concrete in ambient conditions, some conditions are better than others. Jerry Holland, director of design services for Structural Services, Dallas, defines the \u201creference volume\u201d of a slab in relation to the conditions under which it was placed. The ideal ambient temperature is when the day of placement is closest to the yearly average for your location. At that temperature the concrete will experience the least amount of expansion and contraction or volume change at the coldest or hottest time of the year. For most regions of the country that best time is either in the spring or fall.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are at least four ways that temperature can impact concrete: the temperature of the concrete itself, the ambient air temperature at the time of placement, the ground temperature, and the effect of the sun on the finishing process.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When concrete is too hot<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ideal concrete temperature for flatwork is about 70\u00b0 F with initial set occurring about three hours after it is batched. When concrete approaches 90\u00b0 F ready-mix producers typically add up to 10% more water to achieve the same slump. This combination of higher water content and higher concrete temperature results in increased shrinkage, shorter set times, a reduction in air entrainment, rapid slump loss resulting in less time for placement, and a reduction in concrete strength.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cooling the aggregates or chilling the mix water are standard ways to reduce the concrete temperature. To cool the aggregate, ready-mix producers often sprinkle their aggregate piles with water to take advantage of evaporative cooling. Because aggregate is such a large percentage of the concrete&#8217;s mass, cooling it has a significant influence on concrete temperature and doesn&#8217;t cost much.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mixing the concrete using chilled water can also control its temperature. Batch plants in hot areas of the country, where concrete temperatures are frequently high, often use ice-making equipment to cool their mixes. Cooling concrete by injecting liquid nitrogen is another good technique, but it is expensive and used only in extreme situations.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Replacing some of the portland cement in a mix with either fly ash or slag cement is a good way to increase the time between mixing and initial set when conditions are hot. Retarding admixtures also provide additional time for placement, but when concrete temperatures exceed 90\u00b0 F the effect of retarding agents wears off very quickly so that when they \u201clet go\u201d there is little time for finishing.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When concrete is too cold<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the weather turns cold, the problem for concrete contractors is achieving initial set in a timely manner and preserving enough heat in the concrete for adequate strength development. When concrete temperatures go below 50\u00b0 F, it takes considerably longer for initial set to occur, and at 40\u00b0 F, hydration virtually stops. To achieve adequate strength development, your ready-mix producer can switch to Type III or Type HE cement, if available, heat the mix water or aggregates or both, increase the amount of cement in the concrete, and add accelerating admixtures. On the jobsite your challenge is to maintain ambient and ground temperature.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Few things reduce profit more quickly than flatwork that is so cold it delays set time. After cold concrete is placed there tends to be excessive bleeding also, compromising the finish. In response, by a certain date each year, most ready-mix plants switch to hot water. The goal, according to John Al-binger, president of Davidson Ready Mix, Frankfort, Ill., is to batch concrete so that it leaves the plant at 65\u00b0 F to 70\u00b0 F. If this temperature can be maintained on the jobsite, normal three-hour setting times can occur. Chloride and nonchloride accelerating admixtures (NCA) are commonly used to decrease initial set time. Calcium chloride is the most commonly used admixture because of its low price but its effect diminishes when concrete temperatures approach 30\u00b0 F. Albinger says that a 2% dose of calcium chloride (by the weight of cement) is needed to get the best result. But, chloride admixtures should not be used when steel reinforcement is present in a slab.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When there is steel reinforcement, NCA admixtures should be used. They won&#8217;t promote corrosion of steel reinforcement and one classification of NCA can reduce the time to initial set for concrete placed in ambient temperatures as low as 20\u00b0 F. These admixtures, however, still require additional heat for the curing period in order for ultimate strengths to be obtained. The downside of NCA is its cost.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the exception of metakaolin, it&#8217;s best not to use pozzolans, such as fly ash or slag cement, in cold temperature placements unless you are willing to pay for accelerators to counter their set-retarding effects or use methods to keep the concrete warm\u2014such as heated enclosures or heating blankets.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">  <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Planning around ambient conditions<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From the time concrete is placed through the time it&#8217;s cured, ACI 306 states that the temperature of slab on grade concrete less than 12 inches thick shouldn&#8217;t drop lower than 55\u00b0 F. When ambient temperatures are too low for good concreting, supplemental heat must be added. In northern states, a building&#8217;s permanent heating system is usually put into service before floors are installed.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In more temperate states, construction heaters often supply the heat mixed with exhaust fumes. Building ventilation systems are used to manage the levels of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide inside the building, in order to avoid injury to both workers and the concrete. Fresh concrete surfaces will react with carbon dioxide causing surface carbonization and \u201cdusting\u201d of the finished slab.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hydronic heating blankets have gained favor recently for exterior flat-work, and on a more limited basis, interior floor work. During the curing period heating tubes can be placed on top of a slab to maintain proper temperatures. For interior spaces, the heat source is located outside the building so there are no fumes in working areas. Contractors also sometimes use hydronic heaters to help dry out slabs after curing to make them ready for water- or pH-sensitive surface finishes.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ground temperature and sunlight<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ground, ready mix, and ambient temperatures interact to influence how concrete sets and finishes. Ideally the temperature of the ground should be a little higher than the concrete&#8217;s temperature. Then the concrete can begin to set from the bottom up, providing the ideal condition for finishing operations. This is especially true for colored concrete. If the ground temperature is cooler than the concrete and ambient temperatures, initial set can occur at the top first, resulting in bad finishing conditions, and possible scaling. Hydronic heating blankets can be used in these situations to warm the ground prior to concrete placement.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sunlight is another source of heat that can affect setting times, especially at the slab&#8217;s surface. When there is much differential between ground and concrete temperatures, sunlight can cause surface crusting conditions. Many contractors think that the term \u201csurface crusting\u201d relates to the loss of moisture on the surface of fresh concrete but it also defines temperature conditions that permit the surface of fresh concrete to set faster than the matrix of a slab. The best solution is to add an accelerator to the mix to ensure that the matrix of a slab moves toward initial set faster than the top surface.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Managing temperature<\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When there is too much difference between ground, concrete, and ambient temperatures there can be problems for concrete in both its plastic or hardened state. When concrete is fresh, plastic cracking can develop during the finishing process, and in the hardened state, thermal cracking can result. Holland says that some specifications for industrial floors require no more than a 20\u00b0 F difference between the subgrade and the concrete at time of placement.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thermal shock can also be the cause of cracking. This happens when there is rapid cooling. In the summertime, there can be a dramatic drop in temperature when cold fronts quickly move into an area. Rain can quickly cool concrete slabs or tilt-up walls causing them to develop cracks\u2014sometimes cracks 1\/8 to \u00bd inch wide develop within an hour. When floor slabs for freezers are ready to use, ACI 302 guidelines require that slab temperatures be dropped 10\u00b0 F per day until they are just above freezing. Then they should be kept that way for a week before the freezer is lowered to its operating temperature.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good concrete construction involves managing temperature conditions. If the first time you think about temperature issues is while you are placing the concrete there isn&#8217;t much you can do. Start by knowing the temperature of your concrete and track it throughout the construction season. Being aware of ready mix temperature trends makes it possible to change your mix design or placement times, increase or decrease the temperature of your concrete, or change the temperature of the ground or ambient conditions in your work area.<\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Although most experienced contractors know how to place concrete in ambient conditions, some conditions are better than others. Jerry Holland, director of design services for Structural Services, Dallas, defines the \u201creference volume\u201d of a slab in relation to the conditions under which it was placed. The ideal ambient temperature is when the day of placement [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":30209,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":true,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Features","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Controlling Flatwork Temperatures","zonda_promo_abstract":"Although most experienced contractors know how to place concrete in ambient conditions, some conditions are better than others. Jerry Holland, director of design services for Structural Services, Dallas, defines the \u201creference volume\u201d of a slab in relation to the conditions under which it was placed.","zonda_promo_headline":"","zonda_promo_image":0,"zonda_subheadline":"Your profits may be at stake"},"tags":[],"news_item_type":[780],"section_10":[80713],"subject":[1961,910,16533,629,872,4077,7296,671,2641,1888,52013,265,4083,1841],"organization":[],"award":[],"person":[],"product_type_10":[],"content-group":[],"event":[],"location":[],"state":[],"brand":[],"jlc-category":[],"year_tax":[],"sponsor":[],"coauthors":[8266],"class_list":["post-30207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","news_item_type-feature","section_10-construction","subject-bleeding","subject-cement","subject-cementitious-materials-and-pozzolans","subject-concrete","subject-concrete-construction","subject-concrete-flatwork","subject-concrete-materials-and-admixtures","subject-concrete-setting","subject-concrete-strength","subject-cracking-and-crazing","subject-fly-ash-concrete","subject-hvac","subject-mix-design","subject-slab"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.0 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - 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