{"id":28988,"date":"2006-01-17T20:53:38","date_gmt":"2006-01-17T20:53:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/article\/specifying-concrete-for-performance_o"},"modified":"2006-01-17T20:53:38","modified_gmt":"2006-01-17T20:53:38","slug":"specifying-concrete-for-performance_o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zonda-develop.go-vip.net\/concrete-construction\/how-to\/materials\/specifying-concrete-for-performance_o\/","title":{"rendered":"Specifying Concrete for Performance"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Concrete is both marvelously simple and marvelously complex. Mix appropriate amounts of portland cement, aggregates, and water, and you have one of the world&#8217;s most versatile and durable construction materials. On the other hand, if you vary the proportions or the character of any of the components, you may find it to be a far different material, either before it has begun to harden or as it matures. Add any of a number of admixtures or supplementary cementitious materials, and again you alter the nature of the concrete.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There has always been a need for specialists in concrete design, production, and placing who understand concrete and can therefore anticipate the effects of changing ingredients. With the complexities of modern concrete, it has become even more important to know how even subtle changes in the concrete mixture can have significant effects.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Stuck in the middle<\/strong><\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One early explanation of modern concrete&#8217;s fundamental behavior was put together in 1918 by Duff A. Abrams, the \u201cprofessor in charge of laboratory\u201d at the Structural Materials Research Laboratory in Chicago. In a presentation to the annual meeting of the Portland Cement Association in December of that year, Abrams summarized the results of nearly 50,000 tests carried out over the previous 3 years to investigate concrete proportioning.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of his primary findings, which has come to be known as the \u201cwater-cement ratio law,\u201d was that \u201cfor given concrete materials the strength depends on only one factor\u2014the ratio of water to cement.\u201d Abrams said this relationship would hold \u201cso long as the concrete is not too dry for maximum strength and the aggregate not too coarse for a given quantity of cement; in other words so long as we have a workable mix.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A second equally important conclusion was based on the gradation of the aggregate expressed as the fineness modulus, which is the cumulative area under the sieve analysis curve. Abrams observed that regardless of the aggregate size used, the lower the fineness modulus of the aggregate, the more water was required to achieve a given plastic condition. Hence, the aggregate gradation affects concrete strength by affecting the amount of water required to obtain a workable mix.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the passage of time, these two principals remain unchanged. Today the concrete contractor often is stuck in the middle between an engineer who requires a resubmittal whenever the mix design is altered and a concrete producer who has to make periodic adjustments to the mix to maintain consistency.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In reality, the nature of the aggregate varies over time. Changing weather conditions introduce one variable the producer must account for when batching the concrete. Another predictable change is the variation in gradation as the batch materials are taken first from the top of the stockpile, then from the middle, and finally from the bottom. ASTM guidelines say the concrete mixture should be redesigned when the fineness modulus changes by more than 0.2. But even if the change is detected and a new mixture developed, it can take several weeks for approval of a new mix design. The contractor may then end up working with an inconsistent product because the producer&#8217;s flexibility to make the necessary adjustments to the mix design is limited by a rigid submittal process.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Learning curves<\/strong><\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The more concrete contractors understand the dynamics of mixture design, the better equipped they are to work with concrete producers when these variations arise. While experience is a great teacher, the learning process can be accelerated by using some of the sophisticated analytical tools now available. One example is seeMIXII, a concrete mixture design and analysis computer program offered by The Shilstone Companies.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The analysis feature, in particular, should help anyone trying to better understand concrete technology. Once you enter the mixture design information (the quantities of each component per cubic yard of concrete), the program generates a set of quantitative analyses. In addition to looking at fineness modulus, as Abrams did, this program calculates numerous other indicators, such as a coarseness factor\u2014a rough indicator of whether the mixture is rocky or sandy\u2014and a workability factor.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The results of the program&#8217;s high-powered calculations are only numbers, though. It&#8217;s the program user&#8217;s job to learn how to evaluate that quantitative data to make qualitative evaluations. Throughout the documentation, users are also reminded to test mixes before they are used on the job. Numerical analysis can be a great tool, but it doesn&#8217;t replace the need to run trial batches.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jay Shilstone, third generation president of The Shilstone Companies, says it is important for contractors to tell their concrete producers how the concrete is working, especially when the character of the concrete changes. \u201cContractors should evaluate the quality of the concrete,\u201d Shilstone says, \u201cand report to the producer on their subjective observations.\u201d That kind of feedback can help producers know when to make adjustments in their mixing to account for naturally occurring changes in the aggregate, for example.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of course, much of the concrete produced today includes one or more admixtures for a variety of purposes. Referring to a lesson learned from his father, Shilstone says the most important thing is starting with a good mix.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAdmixtures can enhance a \u2018good&#8217; mix,\u201d he says, \u201cbut in a \u2018bad&#8217; mix they must first compensate for problems.\u201d For example, a stabilizing admixture can enhance a mix using well-graded aggregate, which tends not to segregate. But using the same admixture in a gap-graded mix, which tends to segregate, immediately diverts at least some of the admixture&#8217;s effect toward limiting that segregation.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another thing to beware of is admixture incompatibility. An admixture may work beautifully with other products from the same manufacturer, for example, but mixing products from two different manufacturers can be problematic. Additionally, admixture behavior may vary, depending on the cement. And that&#8217;s just one more good reason to always make a trial batch.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Accumulated experience<\/strong><\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The National Ready Mixed Concrete Association in 2002 launched its P2P initiative in an effort to transform the way concrete is specified and help eliminate the conflicting requirements often found in prescriptive specifications.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The intent is to offer performance specifications as an alternative to prescriptive specifications, said Ken Rear, co-chairman of NRMCA&#8217;s P2P steering committee, speaking at the ACI conference in October. Rear says all the involved parties\u2014owners, architects\/engineers, concrete contractors, and producers\u2014will benefit from having performance specifications as an option.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the P2P initiative promotes the mixture proportioning expertise of NRMCA member companies, and, by extension, ready-mix producers in general, it also acknowledges that contractors generally are the experts at placing and finishing concrete. The expectation is that performance specifications will help establish better roles and responsibilities based on each of the parties&#8217; expertise.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the keys to the success of such a program is establishing and maintaining the credibility of the ready-mixed concrete industry. Quality control and quality assurance plans are used throughout the industry, but establishing a common standard will go a long way toward settling the issue of credibility. NRMCA is well on its way toward formalizing a quality management system that would do just that. It is also likely to include a plant certification program.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another important item for the success of the P2P initiative is making sure that it meets concrete contractors&#8217; needs. The P2P Contractors Joint Task Group, made up of contractors and producers, developed a list of important performance characteristics based on who is responsible for what and separated by application. For example, concrete for exterior pavement should place easily, have good finishability, set and finish in a reasonable time, be durable, and so on.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The task group also said the producer should be responsible for supplying consistent unit weight and air content and maintain a thorough knowledge of the ingredients. Working with the mixture designer, whether a consulting engineer or on the producer&#8217;s staff, the producer should also take care of long-term performance characteristics.<\/p><\/div> <!--nextpage--><div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The opportunities in pursuing the P2P initiative are that it raises the bar for quality in the concrete industry and rewards progressive producers and contractors. It also can result in a better product for the end user. The next big hurdle will be to develop a model performance specification that concrete experts can agree upon.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>In search of competent persons<\/strong><\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Speaking of concrete experts, identifying such people is not an easy task. However, plans are well under way at ACI for a program that would identify those persons who are knowledgeable in concrete technology as well as having the judgment required to perform QA\/QC administration and do mix proportioning. Alfred L. Kaufman, P.E., FACI, is heading up the effort within the ACI certification subcommittee.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kaufman says the development of a certification program for concrete design professionals has been a goal of his for the past 25 years. Two things now happening give him hope that there is now an opportunity for the successful launch of such a program.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First is the ongoing NRMCA P2P initiative, with its focus on raising the level of quality and credibility across the industry. Concurrently, many state and federal agencies are having contractors provide quality assurance and quality control (QA\/QC) on construction projects. And to quote Kaufman&#8217;s certification program proposal, \u201cA critical component of the movement to performance specifications and contractor QA\/QC will require that the administration of quality control and mix proportions be under the supervision of a Competent Professional (CP).\u201d The CP certification program would identify those individuals.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe need to have people with owners and with contractors who can do this,\u201d Kaufman said. And on the production side, even small producers could boost their credibility by retaining the services of CP-certified consultants.<\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where does the program development stand today? Kaufman says the ACI Certification Program Committee&#8217;s \u201cCP\u201d subcommittee at its October meeting tentatively accepted the proposed program, pending completion of a market survey. As a part of that investigation, readers of this magazine who are interested in learning more about the Competent Person certification program are urged to email Kaufman as soon as possible at <a href=\"mailto:akaufman@rmcpmi.com\" target=\"_blank\">akaufman@rmcpmi.com.<\/a><\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Resources<\/strong><\/h3> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More than 800 PCA research reports, technical bulletins, and other publications, including Abrams&#8217; report are available in its \u201cConcrete Technical Support Library 2003 Edition.\u201d The library costs $95 for one DVD or a set of four CDs. More information is available on the PCA Web site, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cement.org\/bookstore\" target=\"_blank\">www.cement.org\/bookstore<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cement.org\/bookstore\" target=\"_blank\">.<\/a><\/p> <p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Shilstone Companies&#8217; seeMIXII software is available for a 30-day trial period. For more information, visit <a href=\"http:\/\/www.shilstone.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">www.shilstone.com<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.shilstone.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">.<\/a><\/p><\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Concrete is both marvelously simple and marvelously complex. Mix appropriate amounts of portland cement, aggregates, and water, and you have one of the world&#8217;s most versatile and durable construction materials. On the other hand, if you vary the proportions or the character of any of the components, you may find it to be a far [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":28989,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"scheduledNewsletterDates":[],"_scheduled_newsletter_id":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"zonda_content_type_url_append":"_o","zonda_dfp_zone":"","zonda_exclude_recommended_contents":false,"zonda_exclude_most_popular":true,"zonda_exclude_tagged_results":false,"zonda_eyebrow":"Features","zonda_last_newsletter_date":"2099-12-31T23:59:59.999-05:00","zonda_original_url":"","zonda_pdf_version":0,"zonda_print_headline":"Specifying Concrete for Performance","zonda_promo_abstract":"Concrete is both marvelously simple and marvelously complex. Mix appropriate amounts of portland cement, aggregates, and water, and you have one of the world's most versatile and durable construction materials. On the other hand, if you vary the proportions or the character of any of the components, you may find it to be a far different material, either before it has begun to harden or as it matures. 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